The Correspondence Library

[Tropylium⁺]

Incidentally, I finally got around to updating my many-year-old post on Proto-Algonquian > Ojibwe. So now it's almost accurate! And stuff.

It looks rather like you could cut a corner or two by declaring that *r splits to lenis r and fortis R, then R s, and *h *ʔ drop before any obstruents.

[Alces]

Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic sound changes, from Ringe (2006).

O = obstruent, V = syllabic phoneme, C = consonant, T = coronal stop, K = dorsal stop
^ indicates a negative environment--the change does not happen if this environment applies.
(...) indicates an optional phoneme
{...|...} indicates any of the phonemes within
I've used two dots (..) to indicate a syllable break with any number of consonants around it.
There's probably established notation for all of these but I don't know it yet.

e → a / _h₂, h₂_
e → o / _h₃, h₃_
H → Ø / #_, _V
oː → oːː / _# (an 'overlong' /o/, the exact nature is uncertain; this happens before postvocalic laryngeal loss)
Ḱ → K
TsT → ss
m, m̩ → n, n̩ / _#
a{a|e|o}, e{a|e|o}, o{a|e|o} → aːː, eːː, oːː
(that is, sequences of vowels that are not syllabic consonants contract into single overlong vowels. Only /oːː/ has distinctive reflexes from /oː/)
eH, oH, aH → eː, oː, aː
h₃, h₂ → g / _w
iH, uH, m̩H, n̩H, r̩H, l̩H → iː, uː, m̩ː, n̩ː, r̩ː, l̩ː
H → ə / C_C
m̩(ː), n̩(ː), r̩(ː), l̩(ː) → um, un, ur, ul
j → i / {VːC|CC+}_
i → j / ^{V:C|CC+}_
m → n / _T (this happens before interconsonantal laryngeal loss based on MHG samt 'sand' < PIE *sámh₂dʰos)
Vː, Vːː → V / _SC
Cː → C / {C|Vː}_
ln → ll
nw → nn
Cu → Cw / #_
Kw → Kʷ
Kʷ → K / _u, u(C)_
o, a, e → Ø / _#, ^#C*_
If the deleted vowel was stressed, stress retracts to the new final syllable
j, w → Ø / C_#
p, t, k, kʷ → ɸ, θ, x, xʷ / ^O_
b, d, g, gʷ → p, t, k, kʷ
bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ → b, d, g, gʷ
ɸ, θ, x, xʷ, s → β, ð, ɣ, ɣʷ, z / V[-stressed].._ (unless adjacent to another voiceless consonant)
zm → mm
Stress moves to initial syllable
Vn → V[+nasalised] / _#
(there are two exceptions to the above change in 'seven' and 'nine', which Ringe explains by saying they had a *d suffixed by analogy from *déḱm̥d 'ten')
t → Ø / V_#, ^#C*V_ (Ringe says that all word-final *t in PIE was replaced by *d; without this rule *θ must be lost also)
ə → a / _[+stressed]
ew → ow / _[-stressed]C
w → Ø / V[+rounded-stressed]_V[+rounded-stressed]
o(ː)(ː) → a(ː)(ː)
ẽː → ãː
e → i / _[-stressed] / ^_r
e → i / _..j, _..i
e → i / _NC
ej → iː
ji → i
ə → Ø / C_C
ɣʷ → b / #_
ɣʷ → w, g (always > *w intervocalically, *ɣ may have been the outcome after *l or before *j, but analogical levellings make it very uncertain)
j → Ø / V_V (not after *j or *w)
VV → Vː (I'm not sure if the vowels need to be the same)
V({j|w}) → Ø / Vː_ (in vowel sequences produced by *j-loss)
əi → aj
i, u → ij, uw / _V
aː(ː) → oː(ː)
VN → V[+nasalised]ː / _{x|xʷ}

[dhok]

Anyone think they could get VL>Portuguese together?

[Dewrad]

Anyone think they could get VL>Portuguese together?

Yes, I could, most likely.

[tezcatlip0ca]

Anyone think they could get VL>Portuguese together?

Yes, I could, most likely.

Okay, then, will you do it?

[Dewrad]

Anyone think they could get VL>Portuguese together?

Yes, I could, most likely.

Okay, then, will you do it?

Probably not. Every time I've gone out of my way in order to give a helpful response to one of dhokarena's queries I've never got a word of thanks for it. So yeah, I could, but I don't have any pressing reason to spend my time doing so.

[TomHChappell]

Anyone think they could get VL>Portuguese together?

Yes, I could, most likely.

Okay, then, will you do it?

Probably not. Every time I've gone out of my way in order to give a helpful response to one of dhokarena's queries I've never got a word of thanks for it. So yeah, I could, but I don't have any pressing reason to spend my time doing so.

I would thank you.
In fact, I'll thank you in advance, right now.
I know that doesn't constitute a pressing reason to spend your time on it, but maybe it's one less reason not to.

[tezcatlip0ca]

Thank you, Dewrad.

[tezcatlip0ca]

Thank you, Dewrad. (double post intentional)

[tezcatlip0ca]

There's two more reasons for you to do it.

[Nortaneous]

Yinwum is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Yinwum people. It is unknown when it went extinct.[1] Historically, it underwent some unusual phonological changes that are difficult to classify and understand in phonetic terms.

?
This sounds interesting. Can anyone find it?

[Matt]

Yinwum is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Yinwum people. It is unknown when it went extinct.[1] Historically, it underwent some unusual phonological changes that are difficult to classify and understand in phonetic terms.

?
This sounds interesting. Can anyone find it?

A quick JSTOR search turns up a few articles. The most promising is a 1964 paper by Kenneth Hale titled 'Classification of Northern Paman Languages, Cape York Peninsula, Australia: A Research Report'. There's a lot of sound changes in this paper; here's an excerpt:

In Yinwum, for example, medial stops (*S) were nasalized after *CV₁ in which *C₁ was a nasal. After loss of the initial, this prenasalization survived, and, in modern Yinwum, prenasalized stops contrast with plain stops which also reflect medial *S but do so only where the preceding syllable began in a non-nasal. Thus:

*n^yipul > ⁿpul 'you non-sg'
*n^yat^yi- > ⁿt^yi- 'to see'
*ŋiˑt^ya- > iⁿt^ya- 'to put on, apply'
*mukuR > ⁿkur 'mother's older brother'

but,

*yapu-t^yu > pyu-y 'younger brother'
*kuˑt^yi-ma > ut^yi-m 'two'
*pakay > kaR 'down'

Let's see if this file uploader thing worked: http://www.fileden.com/files/2011/3/30/ ... e_1964.pdf

[jmcd]

I just get redirected to the main site.

[tezcatlip0ca]

Mi tu.

[Tropylium⁺]

Works for me.

In all Northern Paman languages, except Uraδi and its sister dialects, *C1 was lost invariably. Even in Uraδi, the prevailing tendency has been toward initial loss, although *C1 is sometimes positively reflected in that language.

In Yinwum, initial laminal consonants (*tʸ, *nʸ, *y) had the effect of fronting central or back vowels which
followed in the same stem. Thus, in *CV₂, *a was fronted to /i/ if *CV₁ was short and began in a laminal

The vowel in *CV₁ also exerted an umlauting effect on *V₂ in some languages. In Yinwum, *i in *CV₂ was lowered to /e/ if
*V₁ was *a and if the intervening *C2 was non-laminal.

Doesn't sound *that* odd tho…

[Niedokonany]

Common Slavic > Polish

My primary sources are Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego by Klemensewicz et al. and GHJP (same title) by Dubisz and Długosz-Kurczabowa.

link
or maybe this will work

you can ask me by PM about various details if it is still too chaotic for your particular needs, I don't have the time to further rectify this shit ATM

[hwhatting]

Common Slavic > Polish

My primary sources are Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego by Klemensewicz et al. and GHJP (same title) by Dubisz and Długosz-Kurczabowa.

link

you can ask me by PM about various details if it is still too chaotic for your particular needs, I don't have the time to further rectify this shit ATM

Thanks for putting that up, but I get a gateway time-out and neither can open the file nor download it.

[Niedokonany]

Thanks for putting that up, but I get a gateway time-out and neither can open the file nor download it.

Try another link, for some reason my website has gone down.

[hwhatting]

Try another link, for some reason my website has gone down.

You have that file in another place as well? Or which other link can I try?

[Niedokonany]

Try another link, for some reason my website has gone down.

You have that file in another place as well? Or which other link can I try?

I've edited that post.

[Niedokonany]

If everything fails, send me your email address and I'll send it there. Both links are now working just fine and dandy for me, though. You have to click "Pobierz plik" in the second one.

[hwhatting]

If everything fails, send me your email address and I'll send it there. Both links are now working just fine and dandy for me, though. You have to click "Pobierz plik" in the second one.

Dzięki!
And sorry for the late response, I didn't visit the board for some time.

(At first, I thought "What the heck - hamsters?" My daughter has a hamster and most hamster food you can buy in Almaty is made in Poland, for whatever reason, so I was really asking myself what's going on here. Took me a while to get the pun.)

[Circeus]

If everything fails, send me your email address and I'll send it there. Both links are now working just fine and dandy for me, though. You have to click "Pobierz plik" in the second one.

Dzięki!
And sorry for the late response, I didn't visit the board for some time.

(At first, I thought "What the heck - hamsters?" My daughter has a hamster and most hamster food you can buy in Almaty is made in Poland, for whatever reason, so I was really asking myself what's going on here. Took me a while to get the pun.)

This is possibly the most delightfully surrealistic exchange I've read in a while. So much so that I do not even wish to have the pun explained to me.

[LoneWolf]

The Middle Chinese to modern Cantonese vowel shift

Source: Newman, J. 1983. Cantonese vowel shift. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale XII.1: 65-79.
Forms with asterisks are Middle Chinese (MC)

Prior to the Cantonese vowel shift the following sound changes took place:

1. Back assimilation: a>ɔ/__ ŋ/k

2. Vowel coloring:

uən/t>ɔn/t
yən/t>œn/t
iəŋ/k>iŋ/k

3. Diphthongization:

i>əi/{labio-velat}__
u>əu

e.g.: *liu ʽwillow’>liau>lau
*kui ʽexpensive’>kuai>kʷai

4. Open syllable lengthening: V>V:/__# e.g.: *ka ʽfamily’>ka:


The Cantonese vowel shift (also refered to as the inner-outer flip):

In the push chain account proposed by Newman, the Cantonese vowel shift was triggered by the change *ə>a which in turn caused an original *a to either lengthen or raise to ə when after an onglide (it isn’t quite clear to me in what environments precisely *a lengthened or raised). The push chain had the following consequences on the diphthong system:

Diphthongs having arose by step 3 above:

əi>ai
əu>au
iəu>au (the glide deletes by effect of the rule below)

Original MC diphthongs:

*ai>a:i
*au>a:u
*iau>iəu>iu (happens after the ə deletes, see rule below)

Other unrelated changes which have an effect on the overal outcome of the shifted forms:

ə>∅/glide__ e.g.: *pian ʽwhip’>piən>pin, c.f. *piən ʽguest’>pian>pan

glide>∅/C__ e.g.: *liəm ʽforest’>liam>lam

[Pogostick Man]

Common Slavic > Polish

My primary sources are Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego by Klemensewicz et al. and GHJP (same title) by Dubisz and Długosz-Kurczabowa.

link
or maybe this will work

you can ask me by PM about various details if it is still too chaotic for your particular needs, I don't have the time to further rectify this shit ATM

Dziękuję!