My interpretation of some of the Austronesian changes given in Robert Blust's work (cf. and
pace Rorschach's
earlier post)
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian > Chamorro
(From Robert Blust (2000). "Chamorro Historical Phonology."
Oceanic Linguistics 39(1): 83-122)
ə → u
ə → Ø /VC__CV
V → Ø /VC__CV (sporadic)
i, u → e, o /__CC, __C#
i, u → e, o /CC__# (sporadic)
a → æ (in some forms; environment and conditioning unclear)
ui̯ → i (one form) ~ u (one other form)
iu̯ → u (only one example)
p → f
c → s
q → ʔ
k → Ø /__# (sporadically)
k → k /__# (otherwise)
k → h (in other environments)
h → Ø
V
1V
1 → V
1
b, dz → p, ts
d → Ø /__#
d → h
ɟ → ʔ
l → d /__C, __#
ʀ → ɡ
[+obs] → [-voice] /__C, __#
Ø → j /i__a
Ø → w /u__a, a__u, #__V
j → dz
w → ɡʷ
ɡʷ → ɡ /__V[+round]
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian > Proto-North-Sarawak
(from Robert Blust (2002). "Kiput Historical Phonology."
Oceanic Linguistics 41(2): 384-438 and Robert Blust (2007). "Òma Lóngh Historical Phonology."
Oceanic Linguistics 46(1): 1-53)
q → ʔ
ʔ, h → Ø /#__, V
1[+high]__V
2
h → Ø /__#
h → ʔ /V
1__V
1, a__(i,u)
V
1V
1 → V
1
ə → Ø /V__, __V
a → ə /__%%(+)# (i.e., in prepenultimate syllables)
ə → Ø /__V
ə → Ø /VC__CV
N → [αPOA] /__S[αPOA] (in some words)
N → S
1 /__S
1 (in other words)
C
1[+obs, αPOA] → C
2 /V__C
2[+obs, βPOA]V (in reduplicated monosyllabic roots)
C
1[+obs, αPOA] → C
2 /V__C
2[+obs, βPOA]V (in non-reduplicated bases which had undergone the change of schwa syncope in medial syllables)
C(?) → [+long] /ə__V
ɟ(ː) → d(ː)
bː, dː, dzː, ɡː → bʰ, dʰ, dzʰ, ɡʰ (voiced stops with voiceless releases, i.e. [bb̥, dd̥, dz̥, ɡɡ̊] or [bp, dt, ds, ɡk], but treated as unit phonemes, not clusters)
ə → Ø /#__%%(+)# (i.e., in word-initial position in prepenultimate syllables)
pː, tː, cː, kː → [-long]
c → s
Proto-North-Sarawak > Kiput
(from Robert Blust (2002). "Kiput Historical Phonology."
Oceanic Linguistics 41(2): 384-438)
Primary stress → Ultimate syllable
ʔ → Ø /V__V
k → Ø /V__V (in some forms)
ai, au → ai̯, au̯ /__#
ə → a /__ʔ#
ai, au → ɛː, ɔː /__...#
i, u → əi̯, əu̯ /__#
Ø → h /a__#
s → Ø /V__V (sporadic)
V
1V
1 → V
1
ə → Ø /V__, __V
V[+stress (!ə)] → [+long] /__C[!h]# (applies to diphthongal nuclei as well a monophthongs)
ʀ → l (non-finally, in some words)
ʀ → ɾ (non-finally elsewhere)
l → Ø (non-finally, irregularly)
u → əw /__V (but also cases of (C)u → w /__V)
i → əj /__V (but also cases of (C)i → j /__V)
w → v
j → ɟ
iu̯ → ui̯
s → Ø /__#
i, u → ɛ, ɔ /__C[-lab]# (sporadic)
ʀ → ʔ /__# (in a handful of forms)
ʀ → ɾ (elsewhere)
a → i /C[+obs +voice]...__(C)# (blocked if there was an intervening nasal, and sometimes if there was an intervening voiceless stop or liquid)
i, u → əi̯, əu̯ /__(ʔ)#
ə → a /__i̯, __u̯ (unless a voiced obstruent appears earlier in the word)
bʰ, dʰ, dzʰ, ɡʰ → f, s, s, k
f → s
v, ɟ, ɡ → f, c, k /V__V
v, ɟ → f, c /#__
i, u, ɛ, ɔ → iə̯, uə̯, iə̯, uə̯ /__k#, __ŋ# (and also sporadically before final *t and *n and some other consonants)
k, ŋ → ʔ, Ø /Və̯__#
ə → ə~a /__C# (free variants)
NS[-voice] → S[+long]
Numerous different possible reflexes of N--S[+voice] clusters
(C)V → Ø /#__C... (irregular)
n → l /#__
ə → Ø /#__
l, ɾ → n /__#
dz → d /#__ (but → s in a few forms and → ɟ in a few others)
s, c → t /__VsV, __VcV
b, d → p, t /__#
Proto-North-Sarawak > Proto-Kenyah
(from Robert Blust (2007). "Òma Lóngh Historical Phonology."
Oceanic Linguistics 46(1): 1-53)
d → l /#__ (sporadic)
ʀ → h /V__V(C)#, __#
ʀ → Ø
s → h /__#
i, u → e, o /__h#
h → Ø /__#
S → [-voice] /__#
l → n /__#
s → t /__VsVC
CV → Ø /__NCVC (in reduplications)
N → [αPOA] /#__C[αPOA]
Proto-Kenyah > Òma Lóngh
(from Robert Blust (2007). "Òma Lóngh Historical Phonology."
Oceanic Linguistics 46(1): 1-53)
bʰ, dʰ, dzʰ, ɡʰ → p, t, c, k
i → e /__k#
i → iə /__ŋ#
p → k /u__#
u → o /__k#
u → o /__ŋ# (sporadically failed to occur)
u → ɯ /__(C)# (but not before final ʔ)
a → o /__# (not in all forms)
ʔ → Ø /__# (but aʔ → əʔ in some forms)
k → ʔ /__#
a → ɛ /{t,n}__#
p, t → c̚ /i__#, ɛ__#
m → ɲ /i__#
n → ɲ /i__#, ɛ__#
ai̯, au̯ → ɛ, ɔ
ui̯, iu̯ → e
i, u → e, o /__CV[+closemid](C)# (iə is treated as close mid for this change)
i, u → ɛ, ɔ /__CV[+openmid](C)#
i, u → i, u /__CV[+close (!ɯ)](C)#
i, u → ɛ, ɔ /__CVC#
i, u → e, o /__Cɯ#
ŋ → ŋ̊ /__#
p, t → k /ɯ__#
m, n → ŋ /ɯ__#
i → əj /__V(C)#
u → əw /__V(C)#
j, w → z, v
p → f /#__
ə → Ø /#__
p, k → p, k /ə[+stress]__V
p, k → f, ɣ /V__V (elsewhere)
d → r /V__V (irregular)
dz → ɟ /V__V
b, d, dz, ɡ → p, t, c, k /N__
N → Ø /__S (sporadic)
h → Ø /V__V
[Note that the above changes mean that Òma Lóngh has a system of vowel harmony! Any vowel can cooccur with itself in the same word, and either of the neutral vowels /a ə/ can cooccur with any of the other vowels. However, there is otherwise a constraint that restricts the vowels in a word to all be of the same height: /i u/ can cooccur, as can /e o/, as can /ɛ ɔ/, but none of the vowels from any of these groups can cooccur with any member of a different group (excepting, of course, the neutral vowels)]