Re: The Correspondence Library
Posted: Fri Sep 20, 2013 1:57 am
I've never posted here before, but I *love* this thread! Lately I've discovered that there are quite a few very interesting resources available online regarding the indigenous languages from around where I live, so I figured I'd go ahead and contribute! The following is based on Catherine A. Callaghan (1983): "Proto-Utian Derivational Verb Morphology," from Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Far Western American Indian Languages, Occasional Papers on Linguistics Number 11 and C.A. Callaghan (1988): "Proto-Utian Stems" in In Honor of Mary Haas
Proto-Utian > Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone)
The phonemic inventory of Proto-Utian has been reconstructed as follows:
Consonants: /p, t̪, ʈ, k, kʷ, ʔ/, /m, n/, /s̪, ʃ, ʂ, h/, /l, j, w/, and /t͡ʃ/
Vowels: /i, ɨ, u, e, o, a/, all of which had distinct long and short forms
ʃ > h
i$Ci > e$Ce /_C[!ɾ]
ɨ$Cɨ > e$Ce /_C[!ɾ]
e > i (when the vowel in the following syllable is u)
k > ʂ / _i , i_
k > s̪ /_(ɨ, u), (ɨ, u)_
k > k (in other environments)
l > l /_$
l > l /o_
l > ɾ (in other environments; this change appears to have been arrested at some point, such that l occasionally survives in any position)
t͡ʃ > ʂ /_#
t͡ʃ > t͡ʃ (in other environments)
o > o (when the vowel in the following syllable is o or i or the vowel in preceding syllable is o)
o > a (in other environments)
ɨ > e /CC_#
ɨ > e, i /CC_
ɨ > i (in other environments)
Proto-Costanoan also appears to have gained the palatalized stop /tj/, which does not have any clear correspondences in the Miwok languages, though it may correspond to certain instances of /j/ in the Western Miwok languages.
Proto-Costanoan > Mutsun
ʂ > s̪
ʈ > ʈ, t͡s, t͡ʃ /_j, _ɾ
kʷ > k /#_
kʷ > k, w (in other environments)
l > ɾ /V_V
a > e /il_
o > u (when the vowel in the following syllable is i)
Proto-Costanoan > Rumsen
tj > t͡ʃ
h > h, x, ʔ
ʈ > ʈ, t͡ʃ /a:_, o:_
ʈ > ʈ, t͡ʃ /i$_, e$_, u$_
ʈ > ʈ, t͡ʃ /_j, _ɾ
kʷ > k /#_
kʷ > k, w (in other environments)
l > ɾ /V_V
a > e /il_
i > e /_C(C)oC
o > u (when the vowel in the following syllable is i)
Proto-Costanoan > “East Bay” Costanoan
Specifically Chochenyo, which may have been largely identical with the poorly attested Ramaytush and Tamyen languages elsewhere in the Bay Area.
tj > j
ʂ > ʃ
kʷ > k /#_
kʷ > w (in other environments)
l > ɾ /V_V
a > e /il_
o > u (when the vowel in the following syllable is i)
Three other Costanoan languages are attested: Chalon or “Soledad” (spoken in at least one recorded village east of Mission Soledad), Awaswas (spoken on the southern side of the Santa Cruz Mountains, and possibly comprising a number of divergent varieties), and Karkin (the eponymous inhabitants of the Carquinez Strait between Suisun Bay and San Pablo Bay).
These, however, are less well attested, and their phonemic inventories can only be speculated on. Nevertheless, Karkin, which is known only from a single vocabulary collected by the missionary Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta of Mission Dolores, appears to have been strikingly different from Cochenyo (its closest sister language, geographically), and is hypothesized to have been a significantly more conservative daughter of Proto-Costanoan.
Proto-Utian > Proto-Miwok
kʷ > w
ɕ > ʂ
ʈ > t͡ʃ /_e, e_
Proto-Miwok > Proto-Western Miwok
Ancestral to Lake Miwok and the Bodega and Marin varieties of Coast Miwok.
s̪ > ʂ
ʈ > t͡ʃ /a:_, o:_
ɨ > u, i
The sources I’ve been able to locate don’t indicate any sound changes between Proto-Miwok and Proto-Eastern Miwok, the hypothetical ancestor of Saclan (Bay Miwok), Plains Miwok, and the three documented varieties of Sierra Miwok. Nor do they describe the sound changes involved in the divergence of the individual Miwok languages.
However, Wikipedia indicates that Lake Miwok expanded its consonant inventory considerably with sounds probably originating in loanwords from nearby non-Utian languages, adding the aspirated stops /pʰ, t̪ʰ, t̠ʰ, kʰ/, the ejective stops /p’, t̪’, t̠’, k’/, the voiced stops /b, d/, the lateral palatal fricatives /ʎ̝̊, ʎ̝̊’/, the affricates /t͡s, t͡s’/, and the alveolar approximant /ɹ/.
In many cases the sound changes involved in the history of the Costanoan languages have produced more than one "output" phoneme, and the sources I have indicate that it has thusfar proven impossible to systematically predict when and where one shift will happen rather than the other. Likewise, my information about diachronic sound shifts in the Miwok languages is pretty sparse. The order that I've listed the sound changes in is largely arbitrary within each stage of development, since most of them don't interact with one another. In the event that they do, I've done my best to interpret the sequence implied in the sources.
Callaghan has a hefty-looking tome on the Utian family scheduled for publication at the beginning of next year, so new information may be forthcoming.
Edit: I corrected my notation for syllable boundaries to conform to the key on the Knee Quickie and added the correspondences for /tj/ in the Costanoan languages.
Edit Again: Upon further review I'm fairly certain that the characters I was interpreting as IPA /ɕ/ and /t͡ɕ/ are probably meant to represent /ʃ/ and /t͡ʃ/. The chart for Americanist Phonetic Notation on Wikipedia appears to use the term "alveolopalatal" to refer to non-retroflex postalveolar consonants in general, rather than the specific phones designated as alveolo-palatal in the IPA.
Proto-Utian > Proto-Costanoan (Ohlone)
The phonemic inventory of Proto-Utian has been reconstructed as follows:
Consonants: /p, t̪, ʈ, k, kʷ, ʔ/, /m, n/, /s̪, ʃ, ʂ, h/, /l, j, w/, and /t͡ʃ/
Vowels: /i, ɨ, u, e, o, a/, all of which had distinct long and short forms
ʃ > h
i$Ci > e$Ce /_C[!ɾ]
ɨ$Cɨ > e$Ce /_C[!ɾ]
e > i (when the vowel in the following syllable is u)
k > ʂ / _i , i_
k > s̪ /_(ɨ, u), (ɨ, u)_
k > k (in other environments)
l > l /_$
l > l /o_
l > ɾ (in other environments; this change appears to have been arrested at some point, such that l occasionally survives in any position)
t͡ʃ > ʂ /_#
t͡ʃ > t͡ʃ (in other environments)
o > o (when the vowel in the following syllable is o or i or the vowel in preceding syllable is o)
o > a (in other environments)
ɨ > e /CC_#
ɨ > e, i /CC_
ɨ > i (in other environments)
Proto-Costanoan also appears to have gained the palatalized stop /tj/, which does not have any clear correspondences in the Miwok languages, though it may correspond to certain instances of /j/ in the Western Miwok languages.
Proto-Costanoan > Mutsun
ʂ > s̪
ʈ > ʈ, t͡s, t͡ʃ /_j, _ɾ
kʷ > k /#_
kʷ > k, w (in other environments)
l > ɾ /V_V
a > e /il_
o > u (when the vowel in the following syllable is i)
Proto-Costanoan > Rumsen
tj > t͡ʃ
h > h, x, ʔ
ʈ > ʈ, t͡ʃ /a:_, o:_
ʈ > ʈ, t͡ʃ /i$_, e$_, u$_
ʈ > ʈ, t͡ʃ /_j, _ɾ
kʷ > k /#_
kʷ > k, w (in other environments)
l > ɾ /V_V
a > e /il_
i > e /_C(C)oC
o > u (when the vowel in the following syllable is i)
Proto-Costanoan > “East Bay” Costanoan
Specifically Chochenyo, which may have been largely identical with the poorly attested Ramaytush and Tamyen languages elsewhere in the Bay Area.
tj > j
ʂ > ʃ
kʷ > k /#_
kʷ > w (in other environments)
l > ɾ /V_V
a > e /il_
o > u (when the vowel in the following syllable is i)
Three other Costanoan languages are attested: Chalon or “Soledad” (spoken in at least one recorded village east of Mission Soledad), Awaswas (spoken on the southern side of the Santa Cruz Mountains, and possibly comprising a number of divergent varieties), and Karkin (the eponymous inhabitants of the Carquinez Strait between Suisun Bay and San Pablo Bay).
These, however, are less well attested, and their phonemic inventories can only be speculated on. Nevertheless, Karkin, which is known only from a single vocabulary collected by the missionary Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta of Mission Dolores, appears to have been strikingly different from Cochenyo (its closest sister language, geographically), and is hypothesized to have been a significantly more conservative daughter of Proto-Costanoan.
Proto-Utian > Proto-Miwok
kʷ > w
ɕ > ʂ
ʈ > t͡ʃ /_e, e_
Proto-Miwok > Proto-Western Miwok
Ancestral to Lake Miwok and the Bodega and Marin varieties of Coast Miwok.
s̪ > ʂ
ʈ > t͡ʃ /a:_, o:_
ɨ > u, i
The sources I’ve been able to locate don’t indicate any sound changes between Proto-Miwok and Proto-Eastern Miwok, the hypothetical ancestor of Saclan (Bay Miwok), Plains Miwok, and the three documented varieties of Sierra Miwok. Nor do they describe the sound changes involved in the divergence of the individual Miwok languages.
However, Wikipedia indicates that Lake Miwok expanded its consonant inventory considerably with sounds probably originating in loanwords from nearby non-Utian languages, adding the aspirated stops /pʰ, t̪ʰ, t̠ʰ, kʰ/, the ejective stops /p’, t̪’, t̠’, k’/, the voiced stops /b, d/, the lateral palatal fricatives /ʎ̝̊, ʎ̝̊’/, the affricates /t͡s, t͡s’/, and the alveolar approximant /ɹ/.
In many cases the sound changes involved in the history of the Costanoan languages have produced more than one "output" phoneme, and the sources I have indicate that it has thusfar proven impossible to systematically predict when and where one shift will happen rather than the other. Likewise, my information about diachronic sound shifts in the Miwok languages is pretty sparse. The order that I've listed the sound changes in is largely arbitrary within each stage of development, since most of them don't interact with one another. In the event that they do, I've done my best to interpret the sequence implied in the sources.
Callaghan has a hefty-looking tome on the Utian family scheduled for publication at the beginning of next year, so new information may be forthcoming.
Edit: I corrected my notation for syllable boundaries to conform to the key on the Knee Quickie and added the correspondences for /tj/ in the Costanoan languages.
Edit Again: Upon further review I'm fairly certain that the characters I was interpreting as IPA /ɕ/ and /t͡ɕ/ are probably meant to represent /ʃ/ and /t͡ʃ/. The chart for Americanist Phonetic Notation on Wikipedia appears to use the term "alveolopalatal" to refer to non-retroflex postalveolar consonants in general, rather than the specific phones designated as alveolo-palatal in the IPA.