For tones, I follow the Wikipedia article's convention: The shorthand T D N refers to onsets of voiceless obstruents, voiced obstruents, and resonants, regardless of the place of articulation; NT and ND refer to the prenasalized ("softened") stops. *z *ɣ belong with the Nʰ/Dʰ group; *ʒ, with the D group; and *ɦ, with the ND group. Tones *A, *B, and *C occured on syllables that did
not end in a stop. Tone *D
only occurred on syllables that ended in a stop. There is probably a
lot of information missing from the article.
[EDIT: OriginallyI had sound changes from Old Chinese to Proto-Min here but I think they were highly incorrect and so I have removed them.]
Proto-Min to Chaozhou
From Wikipedia contributors (2016), "Proto-Min language".
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. <
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?ti ... =730217259>; and Handel, Zev (2010), "Old Chinese and Min". <
https://www.academia.edu/3500703/2010_O ... se_and_Min>
NB: Tones only.
TONES
A B C D → 1 3 5 7 / {Tʰ,T,NT}_
A B C D → 2 4 6 8 / {N,Nʰ,Dʰ,D,ND,z,ʒ,ɣ,ɦ}_
Proto-Min to Fuzhou
From Wikipedia contributors (2016), "Proto-Min language".
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. <
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?ti ... =730217259>; and Handel, Zev (2010), "Old Chinese and Min". <
https://www.academia.edu/3500703/2010_O ... se_and_Min>
INITIALS
mp nt nts ntʃ ŋk → p t ts tʃ k
tʃ tʃʰ → ts tsʰ
bʱ (m)b dʱ (n)d dzʱ (n)dz dʒʱ (n)dʒ gʱ (ŋ)g → pʰ p tʰ t tsʰ {s,ts} tsʰ s kʰ k
l̥ m̥ n̥ ŋ̊ → l m n ŋ
ɲ → n
{ʃ,z,ʒ} → s
{x,ɣ} H → h Ø
TONES
A B C D → 1 3 5 7 / {Tʰ,T,NT}_
C → 6 / {N,D,ND,ʒ,ɦ}_
C → 5 / {Nʰ,Dʰ,z,ɣ}_
A B D → 2 6 8 / else
FINALS
N → ŋ
k → ʔ / V[+ open]_
S → k / _
Proto-Min to Jian'ou
From Wikipedia contributors (2016), "Proto-Min language".
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. <
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?ti ... =730217259>; and Handel, Zev (2010), "Old Chinese and Min". <
https://www.academia.edu/3500703/2010_O ... se_and_Min>
INITIALS
mp mt {nts,ntʃ} ŋk → {p,Ø} t ts Ø
tʃ tʃʰ → ts tsʰ
bʱ (m)b dʱ (n)d dzʱ (n)dz dʒʰ dʒ ndʒ gʱ (ŋ)g → pʰ p tʰ t tsʰ ts s ts Ø kʰ k
l̥ m̥ n̥ ŋ̊ → s m n ŋ
ɲ → n
No information was given about the fricatives in the article
TONES
A B C D → 1 3 5 7 / {Tʰ,T}_
{A,B} {C,D} → 5 3 / NT_
A C → 5 6 / {N,Nʰ,Dʰ,D,z,ʒ,ɣ}_
A {B,D} C → 3 4 6 / {ND,ɦ}_
{B,D} → 4 / N_
{B,D} → 6 / {Nʰ,Dʰ,D,z,ʒ,ɣ}_
FINALS
ɑm ɑn aŋ → aŋ ueŋ aŋ
N → ŋ
S → Ø
Proto-Min to Jianyang
From Wikipedia contributors (2016), "Proto-Min language".
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. <
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?ti ... =730217259>; and Handel, Zev (2010), "Old Chinese and Min". <
https://www.academia.edu/3500703/2010_O ... se_and_Min>
INITIALS
pʰ p mp tʰ t nt tsʰ ts nts tʃʰ tʃ ntʃ kʰ k ŋk → pʰ p {v,Ø} h t l {tsʰ,tʰ} ts l {tsʰ,tʰ} ts Ø kʰ k {Ø,h}
bʱ b mb dʱ d nd dzʱ dz ndz dʒʱ dʒ ndʒ gʱ g ŋg → pʰ p v h t l {tsʰ,tʰ} ts l {s,tsʰ} ts Ø kʰ k {k,Ø}
l̥ N[- voice] → s N[+ voice]
ɲ → n
{z,ʃ,ʒ} → s
ɣ → x
ʔ → Ø
ɦ → {Ø,h}
TONES
A C D → 1 5 7 / {Tʰ,T}_
A → 9 / {NT,ND,ɦ}_
A → 2 / {N,Nʰ,Dʰ,D,z,ʒ,ɣ}_
B → 3 / {Tʰ,T,NT}_
B → 5 / {N,Nʰ,Dʰ,D,ND,z,ʒ,ɣ,ɦ}_
C D → 9 3 / NT_
C D → 6 8 / {N,Nʰ,Dʰ,D,ND,z,ʒ,ɣ,ɦ}_
FINALS
ɑm ɑn aŋ → aŋ ueŋ aŋ
N → ŋ
S → Ø
Proto-Min to Shaowu
From Wikipedia contributors (2016), "Proto-Min language".
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. <
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?ti ... =730217259>; and Handel, Zev (2010), "Old Chinese and Min". <
https://www.academia.edu/3500703/2010_O ... se_and_Min>
INITIALS
mp nt nts ntʃ ŋk → pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʃ k
{bʱ,(m)b} {dʱ,(n)d} {dzʱ,(n)dz} {dʒʱ,(n)dʒ} {gʱ,g} ŋg → pʰ tʰ tsʰ ʃ kʰ {kʰ,Ø}
l̥ → s
{ŋ,ŋ̊} → {n,ŋ}
No information was given about fricatives in the article
TONES
A C D → 1 5 7 / {Tʰ,T}_
{A,D} → 3 / NT_ (the reflex of the *B tone in this position is not given in the article)
A {C,D} → 2 6 / N_
A C → 7 5 7 / {Nʰ,Dʰ,z,ɣ}_
A {C,D} → 2 6 / {D,ND,ʒ,ɦ}_
B → 3 (but see above)
Proto-Min to Xiamen
From Wikipedia contributors (2016), "Proto-Min language".
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. <
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?ti ... =730217259>; and Handel, Zev (2010), "Old Chinese and Min". <
https://www.academia.edu/3500703/2010_O ... se_and_Min>
INITIALS
mp nt nts ntʃ ŋk → p t ts tʃ k
bʱ (m)b dʱ (n)d dzʱ (n)dz dʒʱ (n)dʒ gʱ (ŋ)g → pʰ p tʰ t tsʰ ts tʃʰ tʃ kʰ k
ɲ ŋ̊ → dz h
n̥ → h / _{y,i}
{l,l̥} {m,m̥} n n̥ ŋ → l b l h g / _V[- nas]
{l,l̥} {m,m̥} {n,n̥} ŋ → n m n ŋ / _V[+ nas]
ʃ ʒ → s z
{x,ɣ} {ʔ,h} → h Ø
TONES
A B C D → 1 3 5 7 / {Tʰ,T,NT}_
A {B,C} D → 2 6 8 / {N,Nʰ,Dʰ,D,ND,z,ʒ,ɣ,ɦ}_
FINALS
ɑm ɑn aŋ → ã uã ĩ
S → ʔ / V[+ open]_
Proto-Min to Yong'an
From Wikipedia contributors (2016), "Proto-Min language".
Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. <
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?ti ... =730217259>; and Handel, Zev (2010), "Old Chinese and Min". <
https://www.academia.edu/3500703/2010_O ... se_and_Min>
NB: Fricatives and laryngeals only.
INITIALS
z → ʃ
ʃ ʒ → {ʃ,s} {s,ʃ}
{x,ɣ} → {h,ʃ}
H → Ø
TONES
A B D → 1 3 7 / {Tʰ,T,NT}_
A {B,D} → 2 4 / {N,Nʰ,Dʰ,D,ND,z,ʒ,ɣ,ɦ}_
C → 2 / NT_ (dubious)
C → 5 / {Tʰ,T,NT,N,Nʰ,Dʰ,D,ND,z,ʒ,ɣ,ɦ}_
FINALS
ɑm ɑn aŋ → ɔ̃ ãm ɔ̃
VN → V[+ nas], sometimes with changes to the preceding vowels
S → Ø