FONOLOGIA PHONOLOGY
EL SISTEMA CONSONÀNTIC THE CONSONANTAL SYSTEM
[p] p pa [pa] "bread" b tub [tup] "tube"
[t] t set [sɛt] "seven, thirst" d fred [fɾɛt] "cold"
[k] c(a), c(o), c(u) casa ['kazə] "house" qu què [kɛ] "what" -g mag [mak] "magician"
[kʷ] qu(a), qu(o) quan [kʷan] "when" qü(e), qü(i) qüestió [kʷəs'tio] "question"
[b ] b boca ['bokə] "mouth" v vi [bi] "wine"
[β] -b- fòbia ['fɔβiə] "phobia" -bl- ablanir [əβɫə'ni] "to soften up" -br- abraçar [əβɾə'sa] "to embrace" -sb- esberlar [əsβəɾ'ɫa] "to blow out" -v- teva ['teβə] "your"
[d] d dos [dos] "two"
[ð] -d- cada ['kaðə] "every" -dr- adreçar [əðɾə'sa] "to send"
[g] g(a), g(o), g(u) gat [gat] "cat" gu(e), gu(i) guerra ['gɛrə] "war"
[gʷ] gu(a), gu(o) gual [gʷaɫ] "ford" gü(e), gü(i) pingüí [piŋ'gʷi] "penguin"
[ɣ] -g(a)-, -g(o)-, -g(u)- amagat [əmə'ɣat] "hided" -gr- agraciar [əɣɾə'sia] "to pardon, to reward" -gl- aglà [ə'ɣɫa] "acorn"
[f] f fil [fiɫ] "thread"
[v] v vi [vi] "wine" f afganès [əvgə'nɛs] "afgani"
[s] s- sal [saɫ] "salt" -s arròs [ə'rɔs] "rice" -ss- tassa ['tasə] "cup, bowl" ç caçar [kə'sa] "to hunt" c(e), c(i) cirera [si'ɾeɾə] "cherry"
[z] -s- casa ['kazə] "house" (only between vowels) z onze ['onzə] "eleven"
[ɕ] x- xemeneia [ɕəmə'nɛjə] "chimney" -ix- and -ix caixa ['kaɕə] "box", calaix [kə'laɕ] "drawer"
[ʑ] j joc [ʑɔk] "game" (except Valencian, which is [d͡ʑ]) g(e), g(i) gitano [ʑi'tanu] "gipsy" (except Valencian, which is [d͡ʑ])
[t͡s] ts sotsobrar [sut͡su'βɾa] "to capsize"
[d͡z] tz dotze ['dod͡zə] "twelve"
[t͡ɕ] tx cotxe ['kot͡ɕə] "car" -ig maig [mat͡ɕ] "May"
[d͡ʑ] tj(a), tj(o), tj(u) petjada [pə'd͡ʑaðə] "tred(ing)", "footprint" tg(e), tg(i) platges ['plad͡ʑəs] "beaches" dj adjectiu [əd͡ʑək'tiw] "adjective" nj(a), nj(o), nj(u) taronja [tə'ɾɔnd͡ʑə] "orange" ng(e), ng(i) taronger [təɾun'd͡ʑe] "orange tree"
[l] l ala ['alə] "wing"
[ɫ] l ala ['aɫə] "wing" l cel [sɛɫ] "sky"
[ɫ:] ŀl coŀlegi [kuɫ:ɛʒi] "school" tl atles ['aɫ:əs] "atlas"
[ʎ] ll lluna ['ʎunə] "Moon"
[ɾ] -r- cara ['kaɾə] "face" -r mar [maɾ] "sea"
[r] r- rambla ['rambɫə] "stream originated by rain waters" rr arròs [ə'rɔs] "rice"
[m] m mare ['maɾə] "mother" n tanmateix [ˌtəm:ə'teʃ] "however, still"
[ɱ] n informe [iɱ'fɔɾmə] "report", canviar [kəɱ'vʲa] "to change" m samfaina [səɱ'fajnə] (typical Catalan cooked dish)
[n] n neu [new] "snow"
[ŋ] (n)c cinc [siŋ] "five", roncar [ruŋ'ka] "to snore" (n)qu cinquanta [siŋ'kʷantə] "fifty" (n)g sang [saŋ] "blood", sanguinari [səŋgi'naɾi] "bloodthirsty" (n)gu enguany [əŋ'gʷaɲ] "this year"
[ɲ] ny penya ['pɛɲə] "rock, cliff"
[h] h ha! [ha] "ha", piho ['pihu] "high class dumbass"
Notes 1) v [v] was common in Old Catalan, but now the sound has been replaced by [b] or [β] in many areas. Nevertheless it survives in Algherese, Tarragoní and some Balearic and Valencian subdialects. 2) Catalan has two l's. One is the alveolar lateral approximant [l] and the other one is the velarised alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] (dark l, in Catalan, ela velar, ela molla and ela fosca). The sound [ɫ] is considered the typical sound of the Catalan l. In Eastern catalan all els are pronounced [ɫ] with different degrees of velarization depending on the position in the word or the adjacent consonants, while Western Catalan has the [l]~[ɫ] allophonic pair, being one or the other according to its position in the word. 3) The same rule for [l]~[ɫ] is applied to ŀl (ela geminada). It represents a double consonant, [ɫ:] or [l:], though in fast speech is commonly [ɫ] or [l]. 4) The h is mute, being written only for etymological reasons. In some cases it's used to represent [h], which is a common sound in interjections (hum; ha, ha, ha!; uh...) and is the best way to adapt [x] and similar sounds in loanwords (Hong Kong, Homs, piho, haima...).
_________________ Un llapis mai dibuixa sense una mà.
Last edited by Izambri on Mon Jun 17, 2013 12:56 pm, edited 17 times in total.
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