Declension Summary Tables
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Declension Summary Tables
A place to dump all those inflexion tables you draw up when trying to learn or at least make some sense of a particular language. Add your own ...
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- marconatrix
- Lebom
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Latvian
Latvian
Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Locative, Genative, Plural endings below singulars. Adjectives have a separate set of ending when they relate to definite nouns, dAm Definite Adjective Masculine, dAf Definite Adjective Feminine.
Various slightly irregular nouns are listed under subclasses at the end. Generally these differ only slightly from the regular declensions.
Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Locative, Genative, Plural endings below singulars. Adjectives have a separate set of ending when they relate to definite nouns, dAm Definite Adjective Masculine, dAf Definite Adjective Feminine.
Various slightly irregular nouns are listed under subclasses at the end. Generally these differ only slightly from the regular declensions.
Code: Select all
iAm iAf
I II III IV V VI | dAm dAf
|
N -s (-š) -is (-s) -us : -a -e -s | -ais (tas, šis) -ā (šī)
A -u -i -u : -u -i -i | -o -o
D -am -im -um : -ai (-am) -ei (-em) -ij | -ajam (tam, šim) -ajai (-ai)
L -ā -ī -ū : -ā -ē -ī | -ajā -ajā
G -a -ja (-s) -us : -as -es -s | -ā (šī/šā) -ās (šīs/šās)
: |
N -i -ji -i : -as -es -is | -ie -ās (šīs/šās)
A -us -jus -us : -as -es -is | -os -ās (šās/šīs)
D -iem -jiem -iem : -ām -ēm -īm | -ajiem (-iem) -ajām (-ām, šīm)
L -os -jos -os : -ās -ēs -īs | -ajos -ajās
G -u -ju -u : -u -ju -ju (-u) | -o -o
Generally I-III are fem., IV-VI are masc.
IIa masc. _suns_ (dog) regular apart from N
IIa masc. _akmens_ (stone) G _akmens_ otherwise regular,
likewise: _asmens_ (blade), _mēness_ (moon), _rudens_ (autumn), _sāls_ (salt) or VI,
_tesmens_ (udder), _ūdens_ (water), _zibens_ (lightening)
IIb _viesis_ (guest) G _viesa_ NN _viesi_ etc. (no -j-),
likewise: _tētis_ (dad), surnames in _-skis_, _-ckis_,
simple masc. names in _-tis_, _-dis_, nouns in _-astis_, _-jis_, _-matis_, _-skatis_
III masc. _alus_ (ale), _cirkus_ (circus), _kāsus_ (dry cough), _klepus_ (cough),
_krogus_ (pub), _ledus_ (ice), _lietus_ (rain), _medus_ (honey),
_tirgus_ (marketplace), _vidus_ (middle), _apvidus_ (region), _dienvidus_ (noon),
_viltus_ (deceit)
IVa masc. _puika_ D _puikam_, _Janka_ D _Jankam_, _tiepša_ (stubbon person) Dm _-am_ Df _-ai_
Va masc. _bende_ D _bendem_ (hangman), _Zāle_ D _Zālem_, _Straume_ D _Straumem_
VI masc. pl. _ļaudis_ (people);
VI fem. pl. _durvis_ (door), _brokastis*_ (breakāst), _Cēsis*_ a town;
VI fem. _acs*_ (eye), _asins_ (blood), _ass*_ (axle), _auss*_ (ear), _avs_ (ewe),
_balss*_ (voice), _birzs_ (birch grove), _cilts_ (clan), _debress*_ (sky),
_dzelzs*_ (iron), _govs_ (cow), _izkapts_ (scythe), _klēts_ (granary),
_krāsns_ (stove), _kūts_ (byre), _maksts_ (sheath, vagina), _nāss_ (nostril),
_nakts_ (night), _pils_ (castle), _pirts_ (bath-house), _sāls_ (salt) or II,
_sirds_ (heart), _smilts_ (sand), _telts_ (tent), _uguns_ (fire), _uts*_ (louse),
_vāts_ (wound), _zivs_ (fish), _zoss*_ (goose), _žults_ (bile)
VIa fem. (* above) _acs_ GG _acu_, _ass_ GG _asu_, _auss_ GG _ausu_, _balss_ GG _balsu_,
_brokastis_ GG _brokastu_, _Cēsis_ GG _Cēsu_, _debess_ GG _debesu_,
_dzelzs_ GG _dzelzu_, _uts_ GG _utu_, _zoss_ GG _zosu_
Last edited by Cedh on Mon Jun 01, 2015 3:04 am, edited 1 time in total.
Reason: add language name
Reason: add language name
Kyn nag ov den skentel pur ...
- Ser
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Re: Declension Summary Tables
I must say, I'm really, really surprised that this thread was moved to the L&L museum with only one relevant post. An interesting post of a language we don't hear often about, sure, but I would've expected more posts before moving the thread to this place.
Anyway, here's all the nominal declensions of Arabic.
The number 2 represents the glottal stop.
As you probably already know, Arabic inanimate nouns in general (along with quite a number of the more common adjectives) usually form the plural with a change of stem that is often predictable, often not. This means that the tables for declensions are not so strongly associated with a number axis, very much unlike declension tables for Indo-European languages. Instead, the axis of "state", namely definite - indefinite - construct, is more important.
So, when I say the triptote declension can be "singular or plural", I mean that there's nouns in a singular stem which take these endings as well nouns in a plural stem that do the same, for example: جمل jamalun 'a camel (nom. sg.)' and its plural جمال jimaalun 'camels (nom. indef. pl.)' are both of the triptote declension (the dual would take the dual ending: جملان jamalaani 'two camels (nom. indef. dual)').
It is also perfectly possible for a singular to be in one declension and the plural in another (duals are practically their own declension, as you can tell from the table), e.g. خنزير xinziirun 'pig (nom. indef. sg.)' is a triptote whereas its plural خنازير xanaaziiru 'pigs (nom. indef. pl.)' is a diptote.
For the sake of completion, I'll also note that adjectives also inflect for gender with a change of stem, while distinguishing animacy. Here's what a fully declined adjective looks like:
Note that the definite "article" (or prefix) (2a)l- has undergone assimilation with the following T to become (2a)T-.
The "five nouns" referred to above in the first table are أب 'abun 'father', أخ 'axun 'brother', حم Hamun 'father-in-law', فو fuu 'mouth [of...]' (used in the construct state), ذو dhuu 'possessor [of...]' (used in the construct state).
Anyway, here's all the nominal declensions of Arabic.
Code: Select all
THE NOMINAL DECLENSIONS OF ARABIC
-Triptote (singular or plural)-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)l-...-u -un -u
A (2a)l-...-a -an -a
G (2a)l-...-i -in -i
-2imru2un 'man' (irregular singular)-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)lmar2u 2imru2un 2imru2u
A (2a)lmar2a 2imra2an 2imra2a
G (2a)lmar2i 2imri2in 2imri2i
-2imra2atun 'woman' (irregular singular)-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)lmar2atu (2i)mra2atun (2i)mra2atu
A (2a)lmar2ata (2i)mra2atan (2i)mra2ata
G (2a)lmar2ati (2i)mra2atin (2i)mra2ati
-The five nouns (irregular singular)-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)l-...-u -un -uu
A (2a)l-...-a -an -aa
G (2a)l-...-i -in -ii
-Diptote (singular or plural)-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)l-...-u -u -u
A (2a)l-...-a -a -a
G (2a)l-...-i -a -i
-Dual-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)l-...-aani -aani -aa
A (2a)l-...-ayni -ayni -ay
G (2a)l-...-ayni -ayni -ay
-Dual of the distal demonstrative dhaalika 'that' (irregular dual)-
MASC FEM
N dhaanika taanika
A dhaynika taynika
G dhaynika taynika
-Sound masculine plural-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)l-...-uuna -uuna -uu
A (2a)l-...-iina -iina -ii
G (2a)l-...-iina -iina -ii
-Sound feminine plural-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)l-...-aatu -aatun -aatu
A (2a)l-...-aati -aatin -aati
G (2a)l-...-aati -aatin -aati
-Defective (singular or plural)-
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)l-...-ii -in -ii
A (2a)l-...-iya -iyan -iya
G (2a)l-...-ii -in -ii
-Indeclinable -an from CCy root (singular)-
DEF INDEF CONST
-aa -an -aa
-Invariable (singular or plural)-
DEF INDEF CONST
-- -- --
As you probably already know, Arabic inanimate nouns in general (along with quite a number of the more common adjectives) usually form the plural with a change of stem that is often predictable, often not. This means that the tables for declensions are not so strongly associated with a number axis, very much unlike declension tables for Indo-European languages. Instead, the axis of "state", namely definite - indefinite - construct, is more important.
So, when I say the triptote declension can be "singular or plural", I mean that there's nouns in a singular stem which take these endings as well nouns in a plural stem that do the same, for example: جمل jamalun 'a camel (nom. sg.)' and its plural جمال jimaalun 'camels (nom. indef. pl.)' are both of the triptote declension (the dual would take the dual ending: جملان jamalaani 'two camels (nom. indef. dual)').
Code: Select all
INFLECTION OF jamalun 'CAMEL'
--singular: triptote declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)ljamalu jamalun jamalu
A (2a)ljamala jamalan jamala
G (2a)ljamali jamalin jamali
--dual: dual declension
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)ljamalaani jamalaani jamalaa
A (2a)ljamalayni jamalayni jamalay
G (2a)ljamalayni jamalayni jamalay
--plural: triptote declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)ljimaalu jimaalun jimaalu
A (2a)ljimaala jimaalan jimaala
G (2a)ljimaali jimaalin jimaali
Code: Select all
INFLECTION OF xinziirun 'PIG'
--singular: triptote declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)lxinziiru xinziirun xinziiru
A (2a)lxinziira xinziiran xinziira
G (2a)lxinziiri xinziirin xinziiri
--dual: dual declension
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)lxinziiraani xinziiraani xinziiraa
A (2a)lxinziirayni xinziirayni xinziiray
G (2a)lxinziirayni xinziirayni xinziiray
--plural: diptote declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)lxanaaziiru xanaaziiru xanaaziiru
A (2a)lxanaaziira xanaaziira xanaaziira
G (2a)lxanaaziiri xanaaziira xanaaziiri
Code: Select all
INFLECTION OF Tawiilun 'LONG (THING), TALL (PERSON)'
--masculine singular: triptote declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)TTawiilu Tawiilun Tawiilu
A (2a)TTawiila Tawiilan Tawiili
G (2a)TTawiili Tawiilin Tawiila
--feminine singular: triptote declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)TTawiilatu Tawiilatun Tawiilatu
A (2a)TTawiilata Tawiilatan Tawiilata
G (2a)TTawiilati Tawiilatin Tawiilati
--masculine dual: dual declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)TTawiilaani Tawiilaani Tawiilaa
A (2a)TTawiilayni Tawiilayni Tawiilay
G (2a)TTawiilayni Tawiilayni Tawiilay
--feminine dual: dual declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)TTawiilataani Tawiilataani Tawiilataa
A (2a)TTawiilatayni Tawiilatayni Tawiilatay
G (2a)TTawiilatayni Tawiilatayni Tawiilatay
--animate masculine plural: triptote declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)TTiwaalu Tiwaalun Tiwaalu
A (2a)TTiwaala Tiwaalan Tiwaala
G (2a)TTiwaali Tiwaalin Tiwaali
--animate feminine plural: sound feminine plural declension--
DEF
N (2a)TTawiilaatu Tawiilaatun Tawiilaatu
A (2a)TTawiilaati Tawiilaatin Tawiilaati
G (2a)TTawiilaati Tawiilaatin Tawiilaati
--inanimate plural: triptote declension--
DEF INDEF CONST
N (2a)TTawiilatu Tawiilatun Tawiilatu
A (2a)TTawiilata Tawiilatan Tawiilata
G (2a)TTawiilati Tawiilatin Tawiilati
The "five nouns" referred to above in the first table are أب 'abun 'father', أخ 'axun 'brother', حم Hamun 'father-in-law', فو fuu 'mouth [of...]' (used in the construct state), ذو dhuu 'possessor [of...]' (used in the construct state).