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Llegiu-vos que tracta sobre la problemàtica de la supervivència del català; el trobo molt interessant. A veure què en penseu...

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Certament, ?s molt m?s com? fer el que dius: no posar una negaci? despr?s del ni. Per tant, es pot dir que posar el ni seguit del no, tot i ser correcte, no ?s el m?s habitual en la parla col?loquial, ja que sembla redundant (tot i no ser-ho).

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APÈNDIX 1 "APPENDIX 1"

AFIXOS MÉS COMUNS "MOST COMMON AFIXES"
In this appendix we show some lists with the most common afixes of Catalan. We have three lists: one for prefixes, another for infixes and the third for sufixes.


Prefixos "Prefixes"
a-, an- negative value > apètal, amoral, anormal, anovulatori...
a- changes the nature of some verbs > adormir-se, asseure's, apujar... / can change the meaning of some verbs > anomenar, abastar...
ante-, avant- priority to time or position > antepenúltim, anteposar, avantguarda, avantbraç...
anti- inversion, oposition; denfense, protection > anticicló, antinacionalista...; anticonceptiu, antituberculós...
arxi- preeminence or superiority; in superlative grade arxiduc, arxiprest...; arximilionari, arxisatistefa...
ben-, mal- they especify in a positive or negative sense benparlat, benvolgut, benvinguda...; malgastar, malcarada...
bes-, bi-, bis- "two", "twice" besàvia, besnét, bescuit, bisíl·lab, bisexual, biannual...
bes- "behind"; "across to" bescantar, bescomptar, bescoll...; besllum... / to anticipate; reciprocity bestreure, bestreta...; bescanviar...
circum- "around" circumval·lació, circumlocació...
con- (com-, col-, cor-, co-) "close to" or "in common" conviure, compatriota, col·laborar, coautora...
contra- oposition, reciprocity, reinforcement, 2nd place in category contrasentit, contradir, contrafinestra, contraalmirall...
des-; dis- reversing of which has been said; negation desembolicar, descaragolar...; deslleial, discontinu... / equals to es in verbal prefixation desfullar (esfullar), desgranar (esgranar), desbrancar...
en-, em- verbs derived from names or adjectives enterrar, embenar, emparedar, empunyar... / can change the meaning of some verbs engreixar, encreuar...
entre- "in the middle of" entreacte, entrecelles, entresòl... / reciprocity; incomplete action entresaludar-se, entrecanviar...; entreobrir, entresuar...
es- "to remove", "to don't have" esfullar, esgranar, esdentegat...
ex- "to outside", "from outside" exportar, excloure, excèntric... / someone has been such thing and now it isn't exdirectora, exfumador...
extra- placed outside, strange to what is said; "more than" extramurs, extraordinari, extralimitar-se; extraplà...
in- (im-, il-, ir-, i-) negation or privation infeliç, inútil, immoral, il·lògic, irreal...
infra placed under infrasó, infraestructura, infrahumà, infrapsíquic...
inter- "between", "mutually" interdental, interliniat, interposar, intercanvi...
intra- "inside", "interior" intramuscular, intravenós...
no- oposition or condition opposed to no-violència, no-alineament...
post- (pos-) "behind", "after" postguerra, postverbal, posposar...
pre- logical or temporal priority prehistòria, precristià, prejudici, premeditar, preveure...
pseudo- "false", "non-genuine" pseudoderivat, pseudoverbal...
quasi- "to a certain degree", "as it were" quasicontracte, quasidelicte...
re- duplication, repetition; intensification rellogar, revendre, rejovenir, ressonar, ressecar; rebé...
semi- "half"; "partially", "non-completely", "almost" semicircunferència,; semivocal, semitransparent
sobre- "immediately above"; abundance, excess sobreàtic, sobrecoll; sobrealimentació, sobrecongelar... / names of posts immediately superior sobrecoc, sobreguaita...
supra- "above" suprasensible, supraterrenal...
super- "above", "farer", "in excess" superposar, supervivent, superabundant, superhome...
sota- "immediately below" sotabarba, sotasignant, sotabosc...
sub- "below" subaxil·lar, subbranquial, subtítol, subsòl... / in an inferior degree; in a lesser proportion, "not at all" subdelegat, subaltern, subalpí; subdesèrtic...
sots- names of posts immediately inferior sotsinspector, sotsdirecotra...
trans- (tras-) "far off", "across", "transversal" transmetre, transcòrrer, trasplantar, transsiberià...
ultra- "farer", "in excessive degree" ultramar, ultratomba, ultrapassar, ultraconservador...
vice- (vi-, ves-) one who can assume the post, the office... of a superior vicedirectora, vicerector, virrei, vescomte

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After a tornado of "how-do-you-pronounce-this-word" threads, I can say that I find this thread much more interesting. And btw, izopiru, are there any descent catalan grammars on the internet?

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Infixos "Infixes"

-abr, -ard- > salabror, gelabrós, engelabrir-se; secardà...
-al-, -ol- > apegalós, casolà, rajolí, fredolic, espigolar...
-all-, -ell-, -ill-, -oll- > brancallós, ceballut, gotellada, assolellat, branquilló, potollar...
-an-, -en-, -in-, -on- > cridaner, juganer, llumenera, blanquinós, calcinar, torbonada, ensagonar...
-any-, -iny- > estireganyar, esgratinyar, fontinyol...
-ar-, -arr-, -er- > flamarada, llargarut, caparró, caparruda, encaparrar-se, panxarrut, camperola, geperut, salzereda...
-ass-, -iss-, -oss-, -uss- > allargassar-se, escridassar, borrissol, carnisser, aferrissar-se, picossada, cantussar, cantussejar, escanyussar-se...
-at-, -et-, -ot- > peixater, lleidatana, vilatà, llibretera, voletejar, parlotejar...
-atx-, -itx- > esprimatxada, magritxol, ramitxó...
-eg- > bonyegut, pedregada, pedregós, punxeguda...
-ic-, -ij-, -ir- > porticó, ploricó, ploriquejar; ventijol; saltiró...
-isc-, -usc- > plovisquejar, endormiscar-se, pedruscall, tallusquejar...
-uc-, -uf- > menjucar, pellucar, escaldufar...

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Sufixos "sufixes"

Sufix Root / Derivate / Meaning examples
-à, -ana noun / noun / person name, job cirurgiana, ciutadà, guardiana...
noun / adjective / inhabitant andorrà, australiana, vigatà...
adverb or adjective / noun or adjective / ownership relation llunyana, tardà, mitjana...
-aci, -àcia noun / adjective / cult adjectives al·liaci, arenàcia, coriaci, sebàcia...
-ada noun / noun / general collectives fillada, ocellada, teulada, vacada...
noun / noun / meteorological phenomena boirada, calamarsada, nuvolada, ventada...
noun / noun / blow beaten with... or to... bastonada, fuetada...; clatellada, costellada...
adjective / noun / abstract of magnitude alçada, amplada, llargada...
verb / noun / operation, action or effect cantada, pesada, xerrada...
-aina noun / noun / related to the noun coloraina, fogaina...
-aire noun / noun / job, person noun boletaire, cadidaire, drapaire, dansaire...
verb / adjective / propensity, aptitude criticaire, rondinaire, xerraire...
-al noun / noun / object or augmentative braçal, didal...; casal, dineral, finestral...
noun / adjective / related to the noun comtal, orquestral, veïnal...
-all verb / noun / object; place fregall, ventall...; amagatall, rocall, trencall...
-all, -alla verb / noun / result of verb's action deixalles, endevinalla, enfilall, escampall...
-alla noun / noun / despective or collective gentalla...; jovenalla, fadrinalla...
-am noun / noun / collective cordam, fustam, rocam, paperam...
-ança verb / noun / abstraction, effect of the verb assegurança, confiança, esperança...
-ància adjective / noun / abstraction tolerància, abundància, elegància...
-and, -anda verb / adjective / adjective related to the verb examinanda, multiplicand, sumand...
-ant, -anta verb / noun / person who does verb's action ajudant, estudianta, caminant, viatjant...
verb / noun / place or object tombant, vessant, batent, voltants...
verb / adjective / related to the verb amargant, humiliant, tibant, picant...
-ar noun / noun / collective of plants alzinar, bledar, ginestar, pinar...
noun / noun / place where there is... campanar, colomar, fogar, conilllar...
noun / ajective / related to cult noun angular, consular, insular...
noun or adjective / verb / verbs in general allargar, aterrar, buidar, escalfar, igualar...
-ari noun / noun / containing... mostrari, reliquiari, vocabulari...
-ari, -ària noun / adjective / belonging to... llegendari, milionari, originari, alimentari...
-ària adjective / noun / magnitude alçària, grandària, grossària, llargària...
-àrium noun / noun / place (cult form) aquàrium, terràrium
-arro, -arra noun / noun / augmentative, despective panarra, veuarra...
-às, -assa noun / noun / augmentative homenàs, barcassa...
noun / noun / object (lexicalized) pebràs, cuirassa...
adjective / adjective / augmentative bonàs...
-astre, -astra noun / noun / despective poetastra, politicastre...
noun / noun / indirect relation with the noun germanastre, madrastra, fillastra...

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-at noun / noun / jurisdiction and place bisbat, deganat, priorat, secretariat...
verb / noun / technical operation pentinat, emmotllat, rentat, encatifat...
noun / noun / collective arbrat, dentat, veïnat...
-at, -ada noun / noun / amount that fits in the... braçat, grapat, manat, butxacada...
noun / adjective / abundance entenimentat, pigada, ratllat, assenyada...
noun / adjective / having the shape of... acampanat, alat, enclotada...
-atge noun / noun / collective brancatge, fullatge, plomatge...
noun / noun / abstraction; social condition aprenentatge, guiatge...; esclavatge...
verb / noun / result of verb's action aterratge, greixatge, peritatge, pasturatge...
-able, -ible verb / adjective / that can be... avaluable, defensable, guarible, movible...
-ció verb / noun / related to verb's action aprovació, avaluació, abolició, punició...
-dat noun or adjective / noun / abstraction germandat, bondat, maldat...
-dera verb / noun / abundance in verb's action bullidera, cruixidera, llampegadera...
-dís, -dissa verb / adjective / propensity, aptitude encomanadís, fonedissa, llevadís...
-dissa verb / noun / multiplicity, abundance of... piuladissa, corredissa, xerradissa...
-dor, -dora verb / noun / that is, does or has as a job... teixidor, redactora, caçador, domadora...
verb / noun / object; place assecador, espolsador...; menjador, escorxador...
verb / adjective / that is or has tendency to... treballador, llegidor, esfereïdor, aterridor...
-dura, -dures verb / noun / result of verb's action feridura, trencadura...; llimadures, serradures...
-è, -ena determinative / determinative / ordinal and partitive numerals cinquè, dotzè, sisena, centena...
-eda noun / noun / place, collective of plants arbreda, fageda, pineda, roureda...
-edat adjective / noun / abstraction claredat, netedat, falsedat, sequedat, obvietat...
-egar noun / verb / verbs in general pedregar, estossegar, espetegar, llampegar...
-ejar noun / verb / verbs in general bracejar, estiuejar, feinejar, colpejar...
adjective / verb / tendency to... rossejar, blanquejar, fluixejar...
-ell, -ella noun / noun / diminutive (often lexicalized) cubell, pomell, taulell, pradell, portella...
-enc, -enca noun / adjective / people name eivissenc, parisenca, martinenc...
noun / adjective / related to the root illenc, tardorenca, nadalenc, sorrenca...
adjective / adjective / tendency to... blavenc, groguenca, tovenc, blanenca, dolcenc...
-ença adjective / noun / abstraction creença, creixença, mancança, naixença, entença...
-ència adjective / noun / abstraction eloqüència, innocència, negligència...
-end, -enda verb / noun or adjective / that must to be... dividend, reverenda...
-ent verb / adjective / adjective related to verb bullent, convincent, concluent, coincident...
-ent, -enta verb / noun or adjective / agent, that does verb's action aprenenta, dissolvent, presidenta, servent...
-eny, -enya noun / adjective / people name extremenya, malagueny, panamenya...
-er noun / noun / place where there is... formiguer, galliner, paller...
noun / noun / object cendrer, clauer, escaquer, saler...
-er, -era noun / noun / tree or plant codonyer, presseguer, noguera, carxofera, castanyer...
noun / adjective / people name brasilera, denier, felanitxera...
noun / noun / job bacallaner, carreter, ferrer, rellotgera...
noun or adverb / adjective or noun / related to the noun or the adverb fruiter, mentider, rialler, davanter, propera...
verb / adjective / that often does what the verb says cridanera, ploraner, triganera...
-era noun / noun / place capçalera, cinglera, foguera, ossera...
noun / noun / object calaixera, genollera, tetera, turmellera...
verb / noun / aptitude to...; desire to... badallera, gratera, xerrera...
-eria noun / noun / establishment, workshop, studio bijuteria, peixateria, carnisseria, foneria...
noun / noun / collective argenteria, cristalleria, imatgeria...
adjective / noun / abstraction beneiteria, bogeria, gasiveria, golafreria...
-ès, -esa noun / adjective / related to the noun marès, muntanyesa...
noun / adjective / people name aranès, empordanès, finesa, hongaresa...
-esa adjective / noun / abstraction embriaguesa, fermesa, llestesa, nuesa...

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-esc, -esca noun / adjective / related to the noun cancelleresc, caricaturesca, cavalleresca...
-et noun / noun / place or collective canyet, olivet, solquet, vinyet...
verb / noun / instrument bolquet, trabuquet, xiulet...
verb / noun / sounds that result from the verbal action refilet, xiulet, xisclet
adverb / adverb / intensive llunyet, aviadet, de matinet...
-et, -eta noun / noun / diminutive cadireta, ullet, peuet, tauleta, Lluïset...
noun / noun / object, substance (often lexicalized) careta, pitet, vagoneta, coloret, verdet...
adjective / adjective / diminutive boniquet, estreteta, finet, negreta...
-etat adjective / noun / abstraction brevetat, escassetat, seguretat, vaguetat...
-i, -ia (atonic) noun / adjective / cult adjectives còrnia, corpori, marmori, òssia...
-í noun / noun / object, place colomí, corbatí, flautí, tamborí, fortí...
-í, -ina noun / adjective / people name barcelonina, gironí, mataroní, garrotxina...
noun / adjective / related to the noun boví, gegantina, marí, porcí, ovina...
-ia noun / noun / place; related to person name pagadoria, secretaria...; canongia, pagesia...
adjective / noun / abstraction alegria, cortesia, gelosia, traïdoria...
-ià, -iana name / adjective / related or belonging to... maragallià, verdagueriana, wagnerià, solutrià, magdalenià...
-íac, -íaca noun / adjective / related to the noun afrodisíac, elegíaca...
-ic noun / noun / diminutive; part of an object canic, planic...; bossic...
-ic, -ica (atonic) noun / adjective / related to the noun analític, dramàtica, morfològic, sulfúric...
-ícia adjective / noun / abstraction avarícia, brutícia, justícia...
-ífic, -ífica noun / adjective / related to... científica, honorífic, prolífica...
-ificar noun / verb / verbs in general classificar, escenificar, justificar, purificar...
-ill, -illa noun / noun / object (lexicalized) cordill, forquilla, pastilla, sabatilla...
-im noun / noun / small and thin crostim, plugim, polsim...
verb / noun / related to the verb escorrim, regalim, socarrim...
-ina noun / noun / object (lexicalized) barretina, boirina, mantellina, paperina...
-int verb / adjective / related to the verb sobresortint, sortint...
-ió verb / noun / action and effect of the verb adhesió, dissolució, annexió, consecució...
adjective / noun / abstraction discreció, perfecció...
-ir adjective / verb / verbs in general alleugerir, aprofundir, emmorenir, espessir...
-ís noun / noun / object pedrís, pastís...
-ís, -issa adjective / adjective / tendency, aptitude to... blavissa, groguís, aixafadís, enamoradissa...
-isme noun / noun / name of doctrine socialisme, budisme, marxisme...
noun / noun / nouns in general reumatisme, organisme...
-íssim, -íssima adjective / adjective / superlative degree gravíssim, grandíssim, grosíssim, dolcíssim...
-ista noun / adjective or noun / follower of a doctrine comunista, materialista, socialista...
noun / noun / job dentista, pianista, novel·lista...
-ístic, -ística noun / adjective / related to the noun artística, operística, novel·lístic, turística...

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-itar adjective / verb / to do, to become... debilitar, facilitar, felicitar...
-itat adjective / noun / abstraction espontaneïtat, humilitat, nul·litat, suavitat...
-itud adjective / noun / abstraction certitud, exactitud, rectitud, solitud...
-itzar noun or adjective / verb / verbs in general caracteritzar, eternitzar, polemitzar...
-iu, -iua noun or adjective / adjective / related to the noun aspriua, geliu...
-iu, -iva verb / adjective / related to the verb afirmativa, demostratiu, reiteratiu, imitativa...
-ívol, -ívola noun / adjective / typical of... jovenívola, mestrívol, pagesívola...
verb / adjective / that is or can be agradívol, mengívola, atractívol...
-ment verb / noun / action, effect, result fo the verb naixement, parlament, pensament, cobriment...
-ó verb / noun / related to the verb llauró...
-ó, -ona noun / noun / diminutive animaló, carreró, senderó...
noun / noun / objecte (lexicalized) finestró, pinyó, porticó, carbassó, baldó...
adjective / adjective / diminutive, affective grassona, petitó, quietona...
-oi, -oia noun or adjective / adjective / diminutive, affective caminoi...; tristoi, petitoi, alegroi...
-oide noun / adjective or noun / related to the noun romboide, trapezoide, esferoide...
-ol, -ola noun / adjective or noun / people name espanyola, andritxol...
noun / noun / diminutive banderola, bestiola, esglesiola, senderola...
noun / noun / object, person (both lexicalized) fullola, llençol...; fillola...
-ol (atonic) noun / noun / related to the noun nuclèol...
-ons verb / adverb / way to do something, way to go (locutions) a reculons, a rodolons, de genollons...
-or adjective / noun / abstraction claror, frescor, amargor...
adjective / noun / quality of a colour blavor, verdor, negror, blancor...
verb / noun / abstraction abundor, escalfor, inflor, picor...
-or, -ora verb / noun or adjective / agent that does verb's action actor, directora, emissor, extintor...
-òria verb / noun / related to the verb cridòria...
-ós, -osa noun, adjective or verb / adjective / abundance, tendency espaiós, polsosa...; blavós, esgarrifosa, tremolós...
-osa noun / noun / collective, place of plants avetosa, garrigosa, joncosa...
-ot, -ota noun / noun / despective taulota, llibrot, peuot, sabatot...
noun / noun / object (lexicalized) pebrot, unglot, carnot...
adjective / adjective / despective grandota, grossot, lletjot...
-tat adjective / noun / abstraction crueltat, igualtat, lleialtat...
-(t)ori verb / noun / where an action takes place observatori, auditori, conservatori...
verb / noun or adjective / related to the verb, effect depilatori, giratori, robatori...
-ud adjective / noun / abstraction decrepitud, licitud, mansuetud, quietud...
-ul (atonic) noun / noun / related to the noun glòbul, grànul...
-ura adjective / noun / abstraction altura, amargura, bravura, dretura, vellura...
-úria adjective / noun / abstraction blancúria, foscúria, vellúria...
noun / noun / related to the noun boscúria, planúria...
-ut, -uda noun / adjective / abundance geniüda, nerviüt, peluda, traçuda, ventrut...

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APÈNDIX 2 "APPENDIX 2"

MANLLEUS MÉS COMUNS "MOST COMMON LOANWORDS"


Other languages to Catalan

German: blindar, brindis, níquel, vals, vermut...
English: bar, bistec, boicot, clip, futbol, líder, tramvia, vàter...
Breton: menhir
Romani [from Catalan gypsies]: caló, cangueli, catipèn, pirar, taro, xaval....
Castillian: amo, bonic, buscar, coix, estrella, hisenda, pis, preguntar, tarda, vacuna...
Finnish: sauna
French: flam, gratinar, jaqueta, joiell, plataforma, tren, xemeneia...
Gaelic: clan, eslògan
Galician: sarau
Welsh: franel·la
Greek [apart from neologisms]: ceràmica, festuc, galera, guitarra, palangre, xarxa...
Hungarian: cotxe
Icelandic: guèiser
Italian: artesà, carícia, sobrassada, xarel·lo...
Dutch: babord, dic, estribord, iot, maniquí, vagó
Norwegian: eslàlom, esquí, fiord
Occitan: faràndula, mascota, petanca... And, especially, to the Rousillonese dialect: alavès, belleu, feda, grasilles, lluset, peirer...
Russian: estepa...
Sami: morsa, tundra
Sardinian [especially, to Algherian dialect]: babai, cavidanni, ebba, sua, tiribriqui...
Serbocroatian: corbata, vampir
Swedish: edredó, tungstè...
Turk: caviar, iogurt, tulipa...
Czech: obús, robot


Catalan to other languages

Castillian: butifarra, buque, clavel, cohete, disfrazar, faena, mercader, palmera, papel, payés, pólvora, zozobrar...
Central-meridional Italian: abbucari, bodagghiari, cairedda, imbolicari, ngargiola, sgarrari...
Murcian [Spanish dialect]: adivinalla, bufeta, chitar, esclafar...
Sardinian: Sardinian is the language with most Catalan loanwords, about 4.000: blau, bugnu, faina, gravellu, istimare, istraviare, leggiu, matessi, sindria, tancare, tastare...

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FONOLOGIA VII

SIGNES COMPLEMENTARIS "COMPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS"

As well as the mentioned ones (in FONOLOGIA I and FONOLOGIA II), which represent systematic sounds of Catalan, some other symbols can be used in order to represent more or less occasional pronunciation variants, or also geographical and social forms.

That way...

1) The unvoiced and voiced palatal oclusive sounds typical of Mallorquin, in words like casa and gana, can be represented by the symbols [c] (voiceless palatal plosive) and [ɟ] (voiced palatal plosive), respectively.

2) The approximant realization adopted by [ɾ] (alveolar tap) in words like cara, in a relaxed pronounciation, can be represented by the symbol [ɹ] (alveolar approximant).

3) The symbol [x] (voiceless velar fricative) can represent the unvoiced velar fricative sound used in certain castilianisms.

4) The symbol [h] (voiceless glottal fricative) can represent the unvoiced approximant consonant, usually glottal, that be find in expressions like ehem or ha! ha!, and also colloquial words adopted from foreign langs (especially Spanish and English), like piho, hàndicap, Hong Kong...

5) The symbol [æ] can represent the especially open variant that adopts the vowel [ɛ] in Valencian and Mallorquin.

6) The symbol [ɐ] can be used to represent the especially open variant that shows the vowel [ə] in certain speeches of the Barcelona area.

7) The symbol [ɑ] can represent the back variant that shows the vowel [a], at the end of a word, in certain regions.

8) The symbol [œ] can represent the labialised middle-front vowel typical of the Capcinese speeches.


Note: Extracted and translated (with minor changes) from Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional, by the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Secció Filològica). Barcelona, 1999. Rafel i Fontanals, Joaquim (editor). ISBN: 84-7283-446-8

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Un llapis mai dibuixa sense una mà.

Moi je serais plutôt intéressé par une approche comparative (ou contrastive) entee le català antic et l'occitan ancian.

Nichts neues ?

About the evolution of Latin consonants l– and –ll–, n– and –nn– in Old Catalan. It deals with the evolution of these consonants, the most interesting part being about how Catalan ‹ll› /ʎ/ originated from a non palatal, stronger, pronounciation of l– and –ll– in Late Latin/Early Catalan. It also touches on the existence of two palatals in Old Catalan (/ʎ/ and /jl/), as well on the (irregular) palatalization of –nn– but the conservation of n–. The text is only in Catalan. To download the PDF click on «DESCARREGAR AQUEST FITXER».

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Un llapis mai dibuixa sense una mà.

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