Yeahhhhh...I might leave that part for someone else!
Anyway, Swadesh list is done, but it lacks some terms that I should check and see if they're cognate too (like directions and more colors and stuff). A question mark means I can't find a native term with that definition in the lexicon; a double-dash indicates that the meaning in question is expressed by a derivation from some other root with a different meaning, and so is unlikely to be cognate. In one case I have "[NIL]", because I found evidence for the morpheme in compounds and stuff, but it's not listed in the lexicon. Also this table may end up looking like shit because there's no way I'm going through and making sure everything lines up.
Alright, enough of that. Let's get this party started!
Code: Select all
OS Wd
here luļ ?
there laŋ / ḍim- ?
who -beg- -bogu-
what -beg- -bogu-
where ? --
when -- --
how ? ?
not -ţas dowo / -ze
all -doļ ?
many kaş-? ?
some -bab paun
few -bab ?
other -gog jok
big riḍ- ŋor
long -dim śim
wide ? ?
thick ? ?
heavy ? ?
small -its śiya
short ? ?
narrow ? ?
thin ? ?
woman maşḍ- ma:r / zi[mi]
man pasn- tel / gu[:me]
human mand-? de:i?
kid -- ?
wife -- --
husband -- ?
mother meln-? papa
father ŋism-? data
animal ? --
fish ţag sakana
bird -- na:i
dog [rark] ?
louse ? ?
snake ? miriŋ
worm ? ?
tree ? śu:
forest geŋ jen
stick ? tur
fruit ? gauji
seed nibu / ḍad rada
leaf ? ?
root ? ?
bark [n] ? da:ur?
flower narş- ([v]) ŋeka
grass -- biźi
rope ? --
skin -- da:ur
meat -- zu
blood ? tareŋ
bone ? ?
fat [n] şilp-? ?
egg ? ril
horn ? ?
tail ? ?
feather ? ?
hair bol- po:
head um- [NIL] yuma
ear -- moga
eye -- i:l
nose sig-? źuko
mouth -- ka:u
tooth ? ki
tongue ? ŋauji
fingernail ? ?
foot gan- keŋ
leg -- kai
knee ? ?
hand teļ- ŋa:i
wing ? ?
belly ? ?
guts -- ?
neck ? kariji
back ? ?
breast -- źunwen
heart -- melen
liver ? ?
drink dam- śagu
eat ŋels- go:źi
bite gim- kimu
suck ? źunu
spit ? śubu
vomit ? ?
blow ḍegl- ?
breathe ? jaŋu
laugh sand- źe:ti
see ḍişn- liu
hear kisn- pamu
know neld- ze:nu
think masp- yedu
smell sig-? ?
fear maŋ- paiju
sleep kalt- ?
live ? ?
die keşg- koku
kill keşg- --
fight kirk- ?
hunt nesd- ŋo:du
hit serḍ- śoŋu
cut tim- ?
split -- ?
stab sint- suku
scratch ? ?
dig ţiļk- ?
swim setr- ?
fly [v] nals- ?
walk mne- nitu
come gend- la:u
lie ŋeḍ- neru
sit barḍ-? waŋu
stand ţirk- pulu
turn miḍ- muri
fall targ- źeku
give -- ku:ru
hold ḍarḍ- ?
squeeze şekt- ?
rub dirb- ?
wash salt- lumu
wipe -- ?
pull ? ?
push ? ?
throw nals- ?
tie ? miku
sew ? ?
count merg- boyok-
say neln- yonu
sing riŋ- ŋinu
play parţ-? ?
float şiļm- ?
flow ţişḍ- ?
freeze ? ?
swell ? ?
sun -- ru:
moon -- [various]
star maḍaŋ ma:in
water les- / nam lu:
rain pilt- kunu
river ḍel ye
lake dit śi
sea ţal go:rtu
salt -- ?
stone ḍar śuk
sand ? zau
dust ? ?
earth raḍ ŋaza / pija?
cloud -- ?
fog ŋarn-? ?
sky ? ?
wind ḍegl- do:
snow ? ?
ice ? ?
smoke ? ?
fire ksa-? ŋol
ashes ? ?
burn rel- ŋol-
road -- ŋa:una
mountain sap ŋu:ma
red -uşţ no:
green -arţ pik
yellow ? źaik
white -sok bi:
black -amn- joŋ
night seļg- seki
day ḍus tin
year past wata
warm ŋakt- ?
cold -ikt ?
full ? ?
new/young -naku / -mol? su: / mo:m
old -osp tik
good -eli kal
bad ? yur
rotten ḍer- yur?
dirty ? ?
straight ? ?
round şers- ?
sharp ? ruk
dull ? ?
smooth ? tu:bu
wet leşţ- ?
dry gink- ?
correct ? ?
near ? lil
far didm-? / mirḍ-? go
right ? ta:i
left ? ŋir
name -- ?
Now, on to what all this means. We can remove all the ones for which one or both of the languages lacks a word corresponding to that definition, as well as ones where one or both of the languages uses a derivation from some other root to express that meaning. Ignoring terms that show no evidence of being related, and focusing instead on those which look promising, I think we're left with the following:
(1)
"who/what" = OS -beg- / Wd -bogu-
(2) "other" = OS
-gog / Wd
jok
(3) "long" = OS
-dim / Wd
śim
(4) ??"small" = OS
-its / Wd
śiya
(5) "woman/nurture" = OS
maşḍ / Wd
ma:r
(6) "fish" = OS
ţag / Wd
sak(ana)
(7) "forest" = OS
geŋ / Wd
jen
(8) "hair" = OS
bol- / Wd
po:
(9) "head" = OS ?
um- / Wd
yuma
(10) "nose/smell" = OS
sig- / Wd
źuko
(11) "foot" = OS
gan / Wd
keŋ
(12) ?"eat" = OS
ŋels- / Wd
go:źi
(13) "bite" = OS
gim- / Wd
kimu
(14) "laugh" = OS
sand- / Wd
źe:ti
(15) ??"see" = OS
ḍişn- / Wd
liu
(16) ?"die/kill" = OS
keşg- / Wd
koku
(17) ?"hunt" = OS
nesd- / Wd
ŋo:du
(18) ?"hit" = OS
serḍ- / Wd
śoŋu
(19) "lie down" = OS
ŋeḍ- / Wd
neru
(20) ?"sit" = OS
barḍ- / Wd
waŋu
(21) "turn" = OS
miḍ- / Wd
muri
(22) ?"fall" = OS
targ- / Wd
źeku
(23)
"count" = OS merg- / Wd boyok-
(24) "say/speak" = OS
neln- / Wd
yonu
(25) ?"sing" = OS
riŋ- / Wd
ŋinu
(26) "star" = OS
maḍaŋ / Wd
ma:in
(27) ??"water" = OS
les- / Wd
lu:
(28) "river" = OS
ḍel / Wd
ye
(29) "lake" = OS
dit / Wd
śi
(30) ??"wind" = OS
ḍegl- / Wd
do:
(31) ?"burn/fire" = OS
rel- / Wd
ŋol-
(32) "night" = OS
selg- / Wd
seki
(33) ?"year" = OS
past- / Wd
wata
(34) "rotten/bad" = OS
ḍer- / Wd
yur
Some of these are pretty tenuous, but others look very convincing. There's also a number of regular correspondences here. For instance OS
ḍ- regularly corresponds to Wd
y-, as in sets 28 and 34, as well as the number "two" from the previous post. On the other hand, word-internally (and sometimes word-finally?) the correspondence is OS
-ḍ- to Wd
-r-: see sets 19, 21, and possibly 5; however, 26 would seem to not follow this rule. OS voiced stops seem to mostly corresponded to Wd voiceless stops: see sets 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, ?16, ?22, ?23, and 32, as well as my previous post. Also notable is that in many cases consonant clusters in OS correspond to long vowel+consonant sequences in Wd (presumably a case of compensatory lengthening): see sets 5, ?12, 14, ?17, and ??30; there seem to be several exceptions here, though. And these are just the correspondences that immediately jump out at me! I'm sure there's more, but I've been working on this for a while now so I'm not going to bother with that immediately.
EDIT: A few more correspondences. OS
ţ : Wd
s, for which see 6 as well as the numeral "four" (in my previous post). OS
m- seems to correspond to Wd
b- in a few cases (set ?23 and the numeral "one") but not in others (sets 5, 21, and 26). Wd also apparently palatalized some instances of **g (or **k?), since there are a few cases where OS
g corresponds to Wd
j: see sets 2 (the first OS "g") and 7. More often, though, it corresponds to Wd
k, as in the numeral "two", the 2sg pronominal affix, and sets 2 (the second OS "g"), 6, 10, 11, 13, ?16, ?22, ?23, and 32. In set 1 it appears to be
g in Wd as well.
[EDIT 5/29/2012: At least two of these sets, based on the given etymology of the Wede:i forms, can't be cognate, so I've eliminated them]