New text:
This is is the first story from the Cambridge Latin Course Unit 1 4th edition. The location of the story is Pompeii before the explosion and one of the upper class in this booj is the main character of the second book, so I have tried my best to write the Latin of the time period as would have been spoken by the upper class. The words have been rewritten (u > V and so forth) to match the conventions of the time period, but the punctuation is written as in the book.
I'm not great at Classical Latin. There are probably mistakes, so I recommend on waiting for someone else to check on this. In the meanwhile, continue the Spanish game or add your own texts. If my post has mistakes, I will edit it.
This is my first gloss that I have shown to other people, so my glossing skills may be in need of improvement.
Characters:
Caecilius, a moneylender who owns the house of the story
Clemens, unnamed in the story, a slave owned by Caecilius
Metella, Caecilius' wife
Quintus, Caecilius and Metella's son
Cerberus - their dog
Grumio - their cook, also a slave owned by Caecilius
CAECILIVS EST IN HORTÓ. CAECILIVS IN HORTÓ SEDET. SERVVS EST IN ÁTRIÓ. SERVVS IN ÁTRIÓ LABÓRAT. METELLA EST IN ÁTRIÓ. METELLA IN ÁTRIÓ SEDET. QVꟾNTVS EST IN TABLꟾNÓ. QVꟾNTVS IN TABLꟾNÓ SCRꟾBIT. CERBERVS EST IN VIÁ.
COQVVS EST IN CVLꟾNÁ. COQVVS IN CVLꟾNÁ DORMIT. CERBERVS INTRAT. CERBERVS CIRCVMSPECTAT. CIBVS EST IN MÉNSÁ. CANIS SALIT. CANIS IN MÉNSÁ STAT. GRVMIÓ STERTIT. CANIS LÁTRAT. GRVMIÓ SVRGIT. COQVVS EST ꟾRÁTVS. "PESTIS! FVRCIFER!" COQVVS CLÁMAT. CERBERVS EXIT.
/kae̯ˈkɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈhɔr.toː ‖ kae̯ˈkɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈɪn ˈhɔr.toː ˈsɛ.dɛt ‖ ˈsɛr.wʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈäː.trɪ.oː ‖ ˈsɛr.wʊs ˈɪn ˈäː.trɪ.oː läˈboː.rät ‖ mɛˈtɛl.lä ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈäː.trɪ.oː ‖ mɛˈtɛl.lä ˈɪn ˈäː.trɪ.oː ˈsɛ.dɛt ‖ ˈkʷiːn.tʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn täˈbliː.noː ‖ ˈkʷiːn.tʊs ˈɪn täˈbliː.noː ˈskriː.bɪt ‖ ˈkɛr.bɛ.rʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈwɪ.äː ‖
ˈkoː.kʷʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn kʊˈliː.näː ‖ ˈko.kʷʊs ˈɪn kʊˈliː.näː ˈdɔr.mɪt ‖ ˈkɛr.bɛ.rʊs ˈɪn.trät ‖ ˈkɛr.bɛ.rʊs kɪr.kʊmˈspɛk.tät ‖ ˈkɪ.bʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈmeːn.säː ‖ ˈkä.nɪs ˈsä.lɪt ‖ ˈkä.nɪs ˈɪn ˈmeːn.säː ˈstät ‖ ˈɡrʊ.mɪ.oː ˈstɛr.tɪt ‖ ˈkä.nɪs ˈläː.trät ‖ ˈɡrʊ.mɪ.oː ˈsʊr.ɡɪt ‖ ˈkoː.kʷʊs ˈɛst iːˈräː.tʊs ‖ ˈpɛs.tɪs ‖ ˈfʊr.kɪ.fɛr ‖ ˈkoː.kʷʊs ˈkläː.mät ‖ ˈkɛr.bɛ.rʊs ˈɛk.sɪt ‖/
[kʰae̯ˈkɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈhɔr.toː ‖ kʰae̯ˈkɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈɪn ˈhɔr.toː ˈsɛ.dɛt ‖ ˈsɛr.wʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈäː.trɪ.oː ‖ ˈsɛr.wʊs ˈɪn ˈäː.trɪ.oː läˈboː.rät ‖ mɛˈtɛl.lä ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈäː.trɪ.oː ‖ mɛˈtɛl.lä ˈɪn ˈäː.trɪ.oː ˈsɛ.dɛt ‖ ˈkᶣʰiːn.tʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn täˈbliː.noː ‖ ˈkᶣʰiːn.tʊs ˈɪn tʰäˈbliː.noː ˈskriː.bɪt ‖ ˈkʰɛr.bɛ.rʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈwɪ.äː ‖
ˈkʰoː.kʷʊs ˈɛst ˈɪŋ kʰʊˈliː.näː ‖ ˈkʰoː.kʷʊs ˈɪŋ kʰʊˈliː.näː ˈdɔr.mɪt ‖ ˈkʰɛr.bɛ.rʊs ˈɪn.trät ‖ ˈkʰɛr.bɛ.rʊs kʰɪr.kũːˈspɛk.tät ‖ ˈkʰɪ.bʊs ˈɛst ˈɪn ˈmẽː.säː ‖ ˈkʰä.nɪs ˈsä.lɪt ‖ ˈkʰä.nɪs ˈɪn ˈmẽː.säː ˈstät ‖ ˈɡrʊ.mɪ.oː ˈstɛr.tɪt ‖ ˈkʰä.nɪs ˈläː.trät ‖ ˈɡrʊ.mɪ.oː ˈsʊr.ɡɪt ‖ ˈkʰoː.kʷʊs ˈɛst iːˈräː.tʊs ‖ ˈpʰɛs.tɪs ‖ ˈfʊr.kɪ.fɛr ‖ ˈkʰo.kʷʊs ˈkʰläː.mät ‖ ˈkʰɛr.bɛ.rʊs ˈɛk.sɪt ‖]
Caecilius-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in garden-m.s.abl ‖ Caecilius-m.s.nom in garden-m.s.abl sit-3s.pres.indic ‖ slave-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in "reception hall"-n.s.abl ‖ slave-m.s.nom in "reception hall"-n.s.abl work-3s.pres.indic ‖ Metella-f.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in "reception hall"-n.s.abl ‖ Metella-f.s.nom in "reception hall"-m.s.abl sit-3s.pres.indic ‖ Quintus-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in study-n.s.abl ‖ Quintus-m.s.nom in study-n.s.abl write-3s.pres.indic ‖ Cerberus-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in street-f.s.abl ‖
cook-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in kitchen-m.s.abl ‖ cook-m.s.nom in kitchen-m.s.abl sleep-3s.pres.indic ‖ Cerberus-m.s.nom enter-3s.pres.indic ‖ Cerberus-m.s.nom "look around"-3s.pres.indic ‖ food-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in table-f.s.abl ‖ dog-m.s.nom jump-3s.pres.indic ‖ dog-m.s.nom in table-f.s.abl stand-3s.pres.indic ‖ Grumio-m.s.nom snore-3s.pres.indic ‖ dog-m.s.nom bark-3s.pres.indic ‖ Grumio-m.s.nom "get up"-3s.pres.indic ‖ cook-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic angry-m.s.nom ‖ pest.f.s.voc ‖ scoundrel.m.s.voc ‖ cook-m.s.nom shout-3s.pres.indic ‖ Cerberus-m.s.nom "goes out"-3s.pres.indic ‖
Caecilius is in the garden. Caecilius is sitting in the garden. A slave is in the reception hall. The slave is working in the reception hall. Metella is in the reception hall. Metella is sitting in the reception hall. Quintus is in the study. Quintus is writing in the study. Cerberus is on a street.
A cook is in the kitchen. The cook is sleeping in the kitchen. Cerberus enters. Cerberus looks around. Food is on the table. The dog jumps. The dog stands on the table. Grumio snores. The dog barks. Grumio gets up. The cook is angry. The cook shouts "Pest! Scoundrel!" Cerberus goes out of the kitchen.
Changes:
- Double short vowels and short vowel + long vowel combinations simplify to long vowels.
- Ablative, genitive, locative and vocative merge. All genitive becomes DÉ + ablative. All vocative becomes ECCE + ablative. Demonstrative pronouns keep genitive forms, but use the new vocative construction.
- Vocative construction loses prominence, merging with nominative.
- /kʷ/⟶/kw/.
- /wɪ wiː/⟶/yː/, which also comes from Greek words
- /uː/⟶/wu/
- /ou̯ ʊ/⟶/u/
- /oe̯/⟶/o.eː/
- /w/ geminates in between vowels.
- /w/⟶/ʷ/. /bʷ/⟶/wː/, /pʷ/⟶/bːu/. /rʷ lʷ/⟶/w/ before /u oː ɔ/ and /r l/ elsewhere, /sʷ/⟶/f/ (rule stays productive).
- /we/⟶/oː/
- /ae̯/⟶/ɛː/
- Nasal vowels within a word merge with long vowels. /ũ/ becomes /um/ before /f/, /un/ otherwise. Nasalisation stops as a productive process
- Loss of light unstressed syllables
- /ɛː/ loses length.
- Degeminiation of glides
- Monosyllable prepositions lose stress.
- In all words with four or more syllables, primary stress is on the first syllable and secondary on the penultimate. In other words, the first syllable gets primary stress.
- /ɪ/⟶/eː/⟶/ɛ/⟶∅ and /äː/⟶/ä/⟶/ɛ/⟶∅ in unstressed syllables. /ä/ is inserted in syllables to break up clusters (both final and initial) other than obstruent + liquid, /s/ + voiceless stop or /s/ + voiceless stop + /r/.
- /yː ʏ/ merge with /u/.
- /t/ is inserted between two vowels.
- a-umlaut: All long vowels lose phonemic length in a syllable before /ä/ and all close or near-close vowels lower to mid-open vowels.
- Final vowels are lost in words with at least three syllables. If this gives an illegal coda, delete extra consontants.
- /ä/⟶/ɐ/
- Long vowels lose phonetic length in non-stressed syllables.
- All consonants degeminate.
- Short vowels rise to merge with long vowels in open final syllables.
- Short vowels + /r/ in the same syllable become long vowels and lengthen succeeding consonants.
- /r/ in the coda becomes [ɽ]. After , it becomes [ɢ̆].
- Long vowels become phonemically short in all closed syllables except for monosyllables.
- /ɪ iː/⟶/i/
- If the penultimate vowel is long, so is the final.
- /au̯/⟶/ɛ/, labialises succeeding alveolar or velar stop.
- U-umlaut: any syllable with /u/, not /o/, causes the vowel of the preceding syllable to become rounded. Rounded short vowels then merge with the long vowels. /ɐ ä/ are not affected.
- /eu̯/⟶/ø/
- [ɢ̆], /t/ in onsets of unstressed closed syllables with short vowels or /i y u/, [kʰ] and [h]⟶/ʔ/. /ʔ/ becomes low tone when in the coda or in an onset cluster (rule stays productive).
- Low-tone long vowels lower and lose length.
- /f/⟶/h/ before any vowel except /y u/
- [kʷʰ]⟶[kʰ]
- Loss of aspiration and /h/
- /u/⟶/o/ in closed and open final syllables
- /o/⟶/u/ in open syllables except for final syllables
- /wo/⟶/u/
- /ɔ/⟶/o/
- /ʔ/ inserted between vowels, even between word boundaries
- /y/⟶/ʷi/ before consonants, /ø/ elsewhere. /ʔʷ/⟶/w/
- /t/⟶/˨n/ in codas
- All coda consonants except for /m n/ become low tone.
- /ɛ/⟶/ɜ/
- /ɐ/⟶/ɜ/ in unstressed syllables, /ä/ otherwise
- All vowels are phonetically long when stressed and short when unstressed, phonemic length has been gone as contrast for a while by now
- Long low tone vowels become middle tone vowels. Long middle tone vowels become high tone vowels.
- Completely different orthography
Ɂékyɂò en een ɂúto. Ɂékyɂò een ɂúto sédèn. Sýɂù en een áto. Sýɂù een áto búrèn. Ɂe en een áto. Ɂe een áto sédèn. Ɂónɂò en een blíno. Ɂónɂò een blíno skríbèn. Ɂýrò en een óta.
Ɂúkvò en een léna. Ɂúkvò een léna dúmèèn. Ɂýrò íntrèn. Ɂýrò wíkonspeɂèn. Wíbò en een mésa. Ɂánè sálèn. Ɂánè een mésa san. Grúɂo stéétèèn. Ɂánè látrèèn. Grúɂo sugèn. Ɂúkvò en éreɂò. "Peɂè! Fúɂa!" Ɂúkvò ɂlámèèn. Ɂýrò esèn.
/ˈʔɜ˦.kø˧.ʔo˨ ˈɜn˧ en˧ ˈʔu˦.to˧ ‖ ˈʔɜ˦.kø˧.ʔo˨ en˧ ˈʔu˦.to˧ ˈsɜ˦.dɜn˨ ‖ ˈsø˦.ʔu˨ ˈɜn˧ en˧ ˈä˦.to˧ ‖ ˈsø˦.ɂu˨ en˧ ˈä˦.to˧ ˈbu˦.rɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔɜ˧ ˈɜn˧ en˧ ˈä˦.to˧ ‖ ˈʔɜ˧ en˧ ˈä˦.to˧ ˈsɜ˦.dɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔon˦.ʔo˨ ˈɜn˧ en˧ ˈbli˦.no˧ ‖ ˈʔon˦.ʔo˨ en˧ ˈbli˦.no˧ ˈskri˦.bɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔø˦.ro˨ ˈɜn˧ en˧ ˈo˦.tä˧ ‖
ˈʔu˦.kʷo˨ ˈɜn˧ en˧ ˈlɜ˦.nä˧ ‖ ˈʔu˦.kʷo˨ en˧ ˈlɜ˦.nä˧ ˈdu˦.men˨ ‖ ˈʔø˦.ro˨ ˈin˦.trɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔø˦.ro˨ ˈwi˦.kon˧ˌspɜ˧.ʔɜn˨ ‖ ˈwi˦.bo˨ ˈɜn˧ en˧ ˈmɜ˦.sä˧ ‖ ˈʔä˦.nɜ˨ ˈsä˦.lɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔä˦.nɜ˨ en˧ ˈmɜ˦.sä˧ ˈsän˧ ‖ ˈɡru˦.ʔo˧ ˈste˦.ten˨ ‖ ˈʔä˦.nɜ˨ ˈlä˦.tren˨ ‖ ˈɡru˦.ʔo˧ ˈsu˧.ɡɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔu˦.kʷo˨ ˈɜn˧ ˈɜ˦.rɜ˧.ʔo˨ ‖ ˈpɜ˧.ʔɜ˨ ‖ ˈfu˦.ʔä˧ ‖ ˈʔu˦.kʷo˨ ˈʔlä˦.men˨ ‖ ˈʔø˦.ro˨ ˈɜ˧.sɜn˨ ‖/
[ˈʔɜː˦.kø˧.ʔo˨ ˈʔɜːn˧ en˧ ˈʔuː˦.to˧ ‖ ˈʔɜː˦.kø˧.ʔo˨ ʔen˧ ˈʔuː˦.to˧ ˈsɜː˦.dɜn˨ ‖ ˈsøː˦.ʔu˨ ˈʔɜːn˧ en˧ ˈäː˦.to˧ ‖ ˈsøː˦.ɂu˨ ʔen˧ ˈäː˦.to˧ ˈbuː˦.rɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔɜː˧ ˈʔɜːn˧ en˧ ˈäː˦.to˧ ‖ ˈʔɜː˧ ʔen˧ ˈäː˦.to˧ ˈsɜː˦.dɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔoːn˦.ʔo˨ ˈʔɜːn˧ en˧ ˈbliː˦.no˧ ‖ ˈʔoːn˦.ʔo˨ ʔen˧ ˈbliː˦.no˧ ˈskriː˦.bɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔøː˦.ro˨ ˈʔɜːn˧ en˧ ˈoː˦.tä˧ ‖
ˈʔuː˦.kʷo˨ ˈʔɜːn˧ en˧ ˈlɜː˦.nä˧ ‖ ˈʔuː˦.kʷo˨ ʔen˧ ˈlɜː˦.nä˧ ˈduː˦.men˨ ‖ ˈʔøː˦.ro˨ ˈʔiːn˦.trɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔøː˦.ro˨ ˈwiː˦.kon˧ˌspɜː˧.ʔɜn˨ ‖ ˈwiː˦.bo˨ ˈʔɜːn˧ en˧ ˈmɜː˦.sä˧ ‖ ˈʔäː˦.nɜ˨ ˈsäː˦.lɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔäː˦.nɜ˨ ʔen˧ ˈmɜː˦.sä˧ ˈsäːn˧ ‖ ˈɡruː˦.ʔo˧ ˈsteː˦.ten˨ ‖ ˈʔäː˦.nɜ˨ ˈläː˦.tren˨ ‖ ˈɡruː˦.ʔo˧ ˈsuː˧.ɡɜn˨ ‖ ˈʔuː˦.kʷo˨ ˈʔɜːn˧ ˈɜː˦.rɜ˧.ʔo˨ ‖ ˈpɜː˧.ʔɜ˨ ‖ ˈfuː˦.ʔä˧ ‖ ˈʔuː˦.kʷo˨ ˈʔläː˦.men˨ ‖ ˈʔøː˦.ro˨ ˈʔɜː˧.sɜn˨ ‖]
Ekewo-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in garden-m.s.abl ‖ Ekewo-m.s.nom in garden-m.s.abl sit-3s.pres.indic ‖ slave-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in "reception hall"-n.s.abl ‖ slave-m.s.nom in "reception hall"-n.s.abl work-3s.pres.indic ‖ E-f.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in "reception hall"-n.s.abl ‖ E-f.s.nom in "reception hall"-m.s.abl sit-3s.pres.indic ‖ Ono-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in study-n.s.abl ‖ Ono-m.s.nom in study-n.s.abl write-3s.pres.indic ‖ Ewro-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in street-f.s.abl ‖
cook-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in kitchen-m.s.abl ‖ cook-m.s.nom in kitchen-m.s.abl sleep-3s.pres.indic ‖ Ewro-m.s.nom enter-3s.pres.indic ‖ Ewro-m.s.nom "look around"-3s.pres.indic ‖ food-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic in table-f.s.abl ‖ dog-m.s.nom jump-3s.pres.indic ‖ dog-m.s.nom in table-f.s.abl stand-3s.pres.indic ‖ Gruo-m.s.nom snore-3s.pres.indic ‖ dog-m.s.nom bark-3s.pres.indic ‖ Gruo-m.s.nom "get up"-3s.pres.indic ‖ cook-m.s.nom be-3s.pres.indic angry-m.s.nom ‖ pest.f.s.nom ‖ scoundrel.m.s.nom ‖ cook-m.s.nom shout-3s.pres.indic ‖ Ewro-m.s.nom "goes out"-3s.pres.indic ‖
Ekewo is in the garden. Ekewo is sitting in the garden. A slave is in the reception hall. The slave is working in the reception hall. E is in the reception hall. E is sitting in the reception hall. Ono is in the study. Ono is writing in the study. Ewro is on a street.
A cook is in the kitchen. The cook is sleeping in the kitchen. Ewro enters. Ewro looks around. Food is on the table. The dog jumps. The dog stands on the table. Gruo snores. The dog barks. Gruo gets up. The cook is angry. The cook shouts "Pest! Scoundrel!" Ewro goes out of the kitchen.