But for now I just want to write out the language. Partly to showcase it and partly to actually have it written down in a cohesive manner.
Sound changes
Stage I: PIE > Pre-P.Casp
Interaction of PIE *e before and after laryngeals.
*e > ē ā ō / _{h1, h2, h3,} -change affected across diphthongs.
*e > e a o / {h1, h2, h3,}_
*i *u *o > ī ū ō / _H
*Ḥ > ā / C_C
*H > u / #_C
Metathesis of larygeal + vocalic liquid pairs. an irregular sound change, usually occurred in reduced 0-grade stems.
*HṚ *ḶH > ṚH ḶH
The interaction of vocalic consonants before laryngeals goes as follows:
Code: Select all
*h1 *h2 *h3
*ṛ īr ūr ūr
*ḷ īl ūl ūl
*ṃ wā wā wō
*ṇ yā yā yō
*m *ṃ > n ṇ / _ {*s *t *d *ḱ *ǵ *y *ṇ}
Vocalic consonants de-vocalize before vowels and other vocalic consonants:
*ṃ *ṇ > m n / _V
*ṃ *ṇ > wa ya
Apocope after stops but not aspirated stops nor labio-velars[super]1[/super]:
*s > ∅ / P_
Palatization of stops before front vowels. Not that labiovelars were unaffected by this. Note, *á was treated as a front vowel.
*k *g *gʰ *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ > č j ĵ ś ź ẑ / _{front vowels}
Merger of labio-velars with plain-velars
*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ > *k *g *gʰ
Loss of voice of voiced aspirated stops. Note satemization of *ǵʰ
*bʰ *dʰ *ǵʰ *gʰ > pʰ tʰ šʰ kʰ
Fricativization of voiceless stops before stops.
*p *t *k *ḱ > f ś x ç / _{stop}
Some form of the ruki sound law. Though *w and *y did not trigger this change.
s > š / _{*r *u *k *i} -
S-S-SATEMIZATION!!!
ḱ ǵ > š ž
Epenhetic w is added between long vowels
w / V̄_V̄
V̄V and VV̄ segments are simplified to V̄
Loss of laryngeals :'c
H > ∅
1. possibly because *kʷ *gʷ and *gʷʰ where treated as ku gu and gʰu early on
Stage II: Pre-P.Casp > P.Casp
Fricativization of aspirated stops. Note initial~medial forms.
pʰ tʰ šʰ kʰ > f ś~c š~č x
Formation of diphthongs Vi and Vu.
Vy Vw > Vi Vu
Debuccalization of initial s and rise of the glottal[super]?[/super] ḥ!
s > ḥ / #_
Assimilation of x.
x > ḥ
Fusion of s and y sequences.
sy > ś
ys > ś
Metathesis of ḥC giving rise to an array of Cḥ clusters.
ḥC > Cḥ
Lengthening of vowels around ḥ.
V > V̄ / _ḥ but not _ḥV̄
V > V̄ / Cḥ_ but not V̄Cḥ_
Fortuition of ḥ after n.
ḥ > g /n_
Fricativization of consonants preceding ḥ.
p t k b d g > f c ḥ w ź ġ / _ḥ
Loss of glottals post consonantly.
ḥ > ∅ /C_
Nasalization of voiced stops finally.
b d g > mb nd ng / _#
AAnd almost forgot this but reduction of mid vowels!
e o > a
Final Inventory for Early P.Casp
I've been using my own notation so far so i shall give the IPA approximation and the rough orthography:
Consonants:
/m n
p b t d k g
tʃ dʒ1 dʒ2 tɕ dʑ~ʑ1 dʑ2
f s ʃ ʒ ɕ1 ɕ2 χ~ɦ1 χ~ɦ2
j w r l/
<m n
p b t d k g
č j ĵ c ź ẑ
f s š ž ś ç h ġ
y w r l>
Vowels:
Short
tonic: /i æ u/ <í á ú>
atonic: /ɪ ə ʊ/ <i a u>
Long
tonic: /i: e: a: o: u:/ <î ê â ô û>
atonic: /i: e: a: o: u:/ <ī ē ā ō ū>
diphthongs:
/əɪ aɪ əʊ æʊ/ <ai ái au áu>
----
And that's about it! Bit more complicated with many exceptions but I may delve into that later. For now, have some word comparisons with related languages Sanskrit and Avestan.
Numerals:
áigas /'æ̀ɪ̯.gəs/
dwṓ /'dwô:/
tráyas /'træ̀.jəs/
gatwár /gət'wǽr/
pánga /'pæ̀ŋ.gə/
wā́š /'wâ:ʃ/
hāftwá /χa:f.'twǽ/
açtṓu /əɕ2.'tô:w/
unáuya /'ʊ̯næ̀ʊ̯.jə/
dášyat /'dæ̀ɕ.jə/
I think I'll get into nouns in the next post as allophony has a lot to do with the major dialects that surge out of P.Casp in Late-P.Casp. Sorry if the layout is a bit messy, btw. It's been months since i actually formulated all these sound changes as I've been sound changing words of a dictionary for ages... Welp, hope the next post is more orderly!
Toodles~
Edit: Keep forgetting some REALLY important sound changes.