Substantial postings about constructed languages and constructed worlds in general. Good place to mention your own or evaluate someone else's. Put quick questions in C&C Quickies instead.
Started a master chart for all my conlangs. Will fill in over time. Included ones with a set phonology that aren't usable yet -- Voang' and the Hathic languages -- but not the ones whose phonologies aren't settled yet (the descendants of Kannow).
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] • The velars /k/ and /kʰ/ become [k̠] ~ [q] and [k̠ʰ] ~ [qʰ] before /a/.
2. Phonemic voicing •
3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives •
4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives •
5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays •
6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined •
7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] •
8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops •
9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] •
10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) •
11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] •
12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] •
13. No lateral obstruents •
14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] •
15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] •
16. 4 stop/affricate POAs •
17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] •
18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing • If phonemic aspiration counts.
19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] •
20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] •
21. Three or more diphthongs •
22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] •
23. One front rounded vowel •
24. Two or more front rounded vowels •
25. No vowel harmony •
26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] • Tone.
27. More than three degrees of vowel height •
28. Phonemic stress •
29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] •
30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed •
31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) •
32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) •
33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) •
34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) •
35. CVCC syllables allowed •
36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] •
37. CLV syllables allowed •
38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] •
39. CCCV syllables allowed •
40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) • Neither allowed.
41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed • Again, neither allowed.
42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed • Again one more time.
43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) •
44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] •
45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes •
46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] •
47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] •
48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) •
49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries • No such distinction whatsoever.
50. No more than two series of fricatives •
51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony •
52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all •
53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] •
54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables •
55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA •
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above):
S1. No initial velar nasal •
S2. No tone system with more than two tones •
S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] •
S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) •
S5. No non-pulmonic consonants •
S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless • Aspiration.
S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] •
S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] •
S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal] •
40,5 % if I counted correctly. I've expected a higher score.
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] •
2. Phonemic voicing •
3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives •
4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives •
5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays •
6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined •
7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] •
8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops •
9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] •
10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) •
11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] •
12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] •
13. No lateral obstruents •
14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] •
15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] •
16. 4 stop/affricate POAs •
17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] •
18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing •
19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] •
20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] •
21. Three or more diphthongs •
22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] •
23. One front rounded vowel •
24. Two or more front rounded vowels •
25. No vowel harmony •
26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] •
27. More than three degrees of vowel height •
28. Phonemic stress •
29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] •
30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed •
31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) •
32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) •
33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) •
34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) •
35. CVCC syllables allowed •
36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] •
37. CLV syllables allowed •
38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] •
39. CCCV syllables allowed •
40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) •
41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed •
42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed •
43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) •
44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] •
45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes •
46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] •
47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] •
48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) •
49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries •
50. No more than two series of fricatives •
51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony •
52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all •
53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] •
54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables •
55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA •
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above):
S1. No initial velar nasal •
S2. No tone system with more than two tones •
S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] •
S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) •
S5. No non-pulmonic consonants •
S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless •
S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] •
S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] •
S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal] •
t tʷ ʈ ʈʷ c cʷ k kʷ q ʡ ʔ ʔʷ
tʼ tʷʼ ʈʼ ʈʷʼ cʼ cʷʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ
tʰ tʷʰ ʈʰ ʈʷʰ cʰ cʷʰ kʰ kʷʰ
t: tʷ: ʈ: ʈʷ: k: kʷ:
s x xʷ h
sʼ xʼ xʷʼ
sʰ
m n nʷ ŋ ŋʷ
ɬ ɬʷ ʟ̝̥ ʟ̝̥ʷ
ʋ l lʷ j jʷ ɰ w
ʋʼ lʼ lʷʼ jʼ jʷʼ ɰʼ wʼ (creaky-voiced)
/a e i ɯ/
Syllable structure: CV
Word-level tone: low breathy, low, rising, rising breathy, high, high falling
i~ɯ vowel harmony: they can't appear in adjacent syllables, and affixes with a high vowel will copy high vowels in the last syllable of the root.
All consonants can occur geminate between vowels, but only the marked fortis consonants can occur geminate word-initially, so they're marked as separate consonants. There is some morphological reason for this but I can't be bothered to asspull one for a quick sketch.
I originally had this; I realized I didn't need it, but it's an interesting idea that someone should use:
/pˡ/ is a laterally released labial plosive that patterns with laterals in the diminutive operation, which converts word-initial coronal consonants to /ɬ/, word-initial dorsal consonants to /ʟ̝̥/ (from an earlier velar lateral, preserved in some dialects), and word-initial labial consonants to /pˡ/; it originates diachronically from <l>-infixation.
Last edited by Nortaneous on Thu Oct 03, 2013 12:12 pm, edited 1 time in total.
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] 2. Phonemic voicing 3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives (phonemic voicing on affricates) 4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives 5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays 6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined (if this is /m n/ and /p t k ts/, it is false?) 7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] 8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] (42 is the answer to life, the universe, and everything) 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] 13. No lateral obstruents 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] (8 POAs, including glottal /h/) 16. 4 stop/affricate POAs (bilabial, alveolar, velar) 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] (palatalization up the wazoo, only /w/ is double articulated?) 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] 21. Three or more diphthongs 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] 23. One front rounded vowel 24. Two or more front rounded vowels 25. No vowel harmony 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height 28. Phonemic stress 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) 33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) 35. CVCC syllables allowed 36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] (WTF, is this contradictory? None of these syllables allowed in Kūc Modjo) 37. CLV syllables allowed 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] 39. CCCV syllables allowed 40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) 41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed 42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed 43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) (half point because I'm not sure yet) 44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes 46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) 49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries 50. No more than two series of fricatives (5, 6 if the /h/ counts as a "series"?) 51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony (Is it half for 5 vowels and NO vowel harmony?? Seriously, I think this wording is confusing.) 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above): S1. No initial velar nasal S2. No tone system with more than two tones S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) S5. No non-pulmonic consonants S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
74% SAE
[bɹ̠ˤʷɪs.təɫ] Nōn quālibet inīquā cupiditāte illectus hoc agō Yo te pongo en tu lugar... Taisc mach Daró
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] Hk - (/q qʷ q’ qʷ’/), Om +, Tsem ~ (/ʔ/), Mun ~ (/q/), PMb ~ (/ʔ/)
2. Phonemic voicing Hk -, Om +, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb ~ (implosives and voiced prenasalised stops, but no plain voiced obstruents, so voicing alone is not distinctive)
3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives Hk -, Om +, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb ~
4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives Hk -, Om +, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb ~
5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays Hk +, Om +, Tsem -, Mun ~ (only if prenasalised stops are counted as phonemic), PMb +
6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined Hk -, Om -, Tsem -, Mun +, PMb -
7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] Hk -, Om -, Tsem ~, Mun -, PMb ~
8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops Hk ~ (pharyngeal shouldn't give a full mark because /ħ/ is a very un-European phoneme), Om + (/ʃ ʒ/), Tsem -, Mun -, PMb + (/θ/)
9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] Hk -, Om +, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb -
10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) Hk -, Om +, Tsem -, Mun ~ (only if prenasalised stops are not counted as phonemic), PMb -
11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] Hk + (30), Om ~ (19), Tsem + (20), Mun - (12; but 16 and thus ~ if prenasalised stops are counted as phonemic), PMb + (27)
12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] Hk ~ (/l ɬ tɬ tɬ’ ɹ/), Om - (/ɾ ʁ/ but no laterals), Tsem - (/r/ but no laterals), Mun + (/l ʁ/), PMb + (/l ɾ/)
13. No lateral obstruents Hk -, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb +
14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] Hk + (/ɹ/), Om ~ (/ɾ ʁ/), Tsem + (/r/), Mun + (/ʁ/), PMb + (/ɾ/)
15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] Hk ~ (11), Om + (6), Tsem + (6), Mun + (5), PMb + (6)
16. 4 stop/affricate POAs Hk - (9), Om ~ (3 phonemic stop POAs plus non-phonemic [tʃ]), Tsem - (5 plus /ʔ/), Mun +, PMb ~ (4 plus /ʔ/)
17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] Hk - (labialised velars and uvulars), Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb +
18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing HK - (ejectives), Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb - (aspirates and implosives)
19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] HK - (ejectives), Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb - (implosives)
20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] Hk ~ (6), Om ~ (5), Tsem ~ (5), Mun - (3), PMb + (9)
21. Three or more diphthongs Hk - (none), Om + (10), Tsem - (2), Mun ~ (all six two-vowel-combinations occur, but they don't have phonemic status as diphthongs), PMb + (7)
22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb +
23. One front rounded vowel Hk -, Om -, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb -
24. Two or more front rounded vowels Hk -, Om -, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb -
25. No vowel harmony Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb +
26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] Hk +, Om - (nasal vowels on all qualities), Tsem +, Mun +, PMb +
27. More than three degrees of vowel height Hk -, Om -, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb +
28. Phonemic stress Hk +, Om +, Tsem -, Mun +, PMb -
29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun ~ (two-tone contrast on stressed syllables only), PMb +
30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb + (Hk, Om & PMb: only in word-initial position)
31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb + (Om & Tsem: not in word-final position)
32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) Hk +, Om + (only in word-final position), Tsem +, Mun + (not in word-final position), PMb +
33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb ~ (CVh in word-final position only; medial sC is syllabified as a complex onset)
34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb + (Om & PMb: only in word-final position)
35. CVCC syllables allowed Hk +, Om + (word-final /ps ts ks/ are the only allowed coda clusters), Tsem -, Mun -, PMb -
36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] Hk -, Om -, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb -
37. CLV syllables allowed Hk ~ (theoretically /sɹ hɹ/ onsets are possible word-initially, and there are phonemic lateral affricates, but CL onsets are not a regular part of the phonology), Om +, Tsem ~ (/hr/ is the only possible CL onset), Mun -, PMb +
38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] Hk +, Om ~ (only F + voiceless plosive allowed), Tsem ~ (F + voiced plosive not allowed), Mun -, PMb +
39. CCCV syllables allowed Hk +, Om ~ (3rd C must be onglide of a diphthong, so not a phonemic consonant), Tsem -, Mun -, PMb +
40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) Hk +, Om +, Tsem - (SSV allowed), Mun ~ (CCV only allowed if prenasalised stops are not counted as phonemic), PMb - (SSV allowed)
41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed Hk +, Om ~ (3rd C must be onglide of a diphthong, so not a phonemic consonant), Tsem -, Mun -, PMb +
42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed Hk +, Om +, Tsem - (SNV allowed), Mun ~ (CCV only allowed if prenasalised stops are not counted as phonemic), PMb - (SNV allowed)
43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun - (either no violation allowed, or NC onsets that violate the hierarchy, depending on analysis), PMb +
44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] Hk -, Om -, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb - (no syllabic consonants)
45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes Hk +, Om -, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb -
46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] Hk +, Om - (approximant /ʁ/ as the only uvular consonant), Tsem +, Mun - (/j/ as the only palatal consonant), PMb +
47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] Hk - (6 plus 3 affricates), Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb ~ (4 POA for oral stops plus /ʔ/)
48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) Hk ~ (/m n ɲ/), Om +, Tsem +, Mun - (/m n ŋ/), PMb - (/m n ɲ ŋ/)
49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries Hk +, Om -, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb +
50. No more than two series of fricatives Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb +
51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony Hk -, Om -, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb +
52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb -
53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] Hk ~ (no /j w/), Om -, Tsem -, Mun -, PMb -
54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables Hk +, Om ~ (diphthong reduction but no monophthong mergers), Tsem ~ (shortening but no vowel quality mergers), Mun -, PMb +
55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA Hk +, Om - (labial and coronal both have 6 phonemes), Tsem +, Mun +, PMb +
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above):
S1. No initial velar nasal Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb -
S2. No tone system with more than two tones Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb +
S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun ~ (CCV syllables exist only if prenasalised stops are not counted as phonemic), PMb +
S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb +
S5. No non-pulmonic consonants Hk - (ejectives), Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb - (implosives)
S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless Hk - (ejectives), Om +, Tsem +, Mun +, PMb - (aspirates and implosives)
S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] Hk -, Om +, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb ~ (implosives and voiced prenasalised stops, but no plain voiced obstruents)
S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] Hk -, Om +, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb -
S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal] Hk +, Om +, Tsem +, Mun -, PMb ~
Well let's see how my current unnamed project fares.
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] - H
2. Phonemic voicing - ✔
3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives - ✔
4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives - ✘
5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays - ✘
6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined - ✘
7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] - H
8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops - ✘
9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] - ✘
10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) - ✘
11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] - H
12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] - H
13. No lateral obstruents - ✘
14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] - H
15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] - ✔
16. 4 stop/affricate POAs - ✘
17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] - ✘
18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing - ✔
19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] - ✘
20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] - H
21. Three or more diphthongs - ✘
22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] - ✔
23. One front rounded vowel - ✘
24. Two or more front rounded vowels - ✘
25. No vowel harmony - ✔
26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] - ✘
27. More than three degrees of vowel height - ✘
28. Phonemic stress (pitch accent) - ✔
29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] - ✔
30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed - ✘
31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) - ✘
32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) - ✘
33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) - ✘
34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) - ✘
35. CVCC syllables allowed - ✘
36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] - ✘
37. CLV syllables allowed - ✘
38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] - ✘
39. CCCV syllables allowed - ✘
40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) - ✘
41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed - ✘
42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed - ✘
43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) - ✘
44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] - ✘
45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes - ✔
46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [disregarding /w/] - ✔
47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] - ✘
48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) - ✘
49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries - ✔
50. No more than two series of fricatives - ✔
51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony - ✘
52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all - ✘
53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] - ✘
54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables - ✘
55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA - ✘
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above):
S1. No initial velar nasal - ✔
S2. No tone system with more than two tones - ✔
S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] - ✘
S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) - ✔
S5. No non-pulmonic consonants - ✘
S6. No phonation disticntions other than voiced/voiceless - ✔
S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] - ✔
S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] - ✘
S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal] - ✔
[0] 1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar]
/q qʼ χ ʁ ʕ ħ ʔ h/
[1] 2. Phonemic voicing
[1] 3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives
A weird case, since Ingush and Chechen have /r̥/ but only in final position, in two words.
[0] 4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives
ʁ ʕ
[0] 5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays
[0] 6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined
[1] 7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs]
It may depend on what places one counts together, but I count all places as having a voiceless stop
[0] 8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops
[0] 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number]
6 out of p POAs have fricatives
[0] 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops)
22 stops / 16 non-stops (counting affricates as stops, which always seems to make sense for Caucasic langauges)
[0.5] 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40]
40
[1] 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one]
[1] 13. No lateral obstruents
[1] 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one]
[0] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs]
9 Places
[0] 16. 4 stop/affricate POAs
[1] 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation]
Only palatalized velars
[1] 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing
unless we count pharyngealization, but Ingush isn't analyzed this way
[0] 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series]
Ejectives
[1] 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] - H
9 - / i ɛ æ ɨ ʌ a u o ɔa/
[1] 21. Three or more diphthongs
6
[1] 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels]
counting /ʌ/ as central
[0] 23. One front rounded vowel
[0] 24. Two or more front rounded vowels
[1] 25. No vowel harmony
[1] 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities]
[0] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height
[1] 28. Phonemic stress (pitch accent)
[1] 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages]
[1] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed
[1] 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic)
[1] 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal)
[1] 33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative)
[1] 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop)
[1] 35. CVCC syllables allowed
[0] 36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed]
[0] 37. CLV syllables allowed
Oddly enough, these do not occur.
[0] 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA]
[0] 39. CCCV syllables allowed
[0.5] 40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates)
I'm giving Ingush half a point here, because the only CC onsets allowed are weird, like /px/, /tx/, /pqʼ/, or /pʕ/
[0] 41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed
[1] 42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed
[0] 43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants)
[0] 44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both]
[1] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes
Like, all of them
[1] 46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [disregarding /w/]
[1] 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates]
[1] 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal)
[0] 49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries
Phonemic gemination
[0] 50. No more than two series of fricatives
[1] 51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony
Uh I guess
[1] 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all
[1] 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found]
As far as I can tell, yes
[1] 54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables
[1] 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
[5] S1. No initial velar nasal
[5] S2. No tone system with more than two tones
[5] S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides]
[5] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental)
[0] S5. No non-pulmonic consonants
[5] S6. No phonation disticntions other than voiced/voiceless
[2.5] S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction]
[5] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops]
[5] S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
Let's try this with Esperanto, in case nobody's already done so (I can't face looking back through the entire thread). * indicates a full mark, + a half; I'm not totally sure about some of these since there's no actual "phonology" as such, just a list of words. Anyone for Volapük?
* 1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] * 2. Phonemic voicing * 3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives * 4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives
5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays
6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined * 7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] * 8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops * 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] * 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) * 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] * 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] * 13. No lateral obstruents * 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] * 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] * 16. 4 stop/affricate POAs * 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] * 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing * 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] + 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] * 21. Three or more diphthongs (despite what some sources say) * 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels]
23. One front rounded vowel
24. Two or more front rounded vowels * 25. No vowel harmony * 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities]
27. More than three degrees of vowel height
28. Phonemic stress * 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] * 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed * 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) * 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) * 33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) * 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) * 35. CVCC syllables allowed
36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] * 37. CLV syllables allowed * 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] * 39. CCCV syllables allowed
40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates)
41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed
42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed
43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants)
44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] * 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes * 46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] * 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] * 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal)
49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries
50. No more than two series of fricatives
51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony * 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all
53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found]
54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables * 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above): * S1. No initial velar nasal * S2. No tone system with more than two tones * S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides]
S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) * S5. No non-pulmonic consonants * S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless * S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] * S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] * S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal][/quote]
Score: 77%.
Non fidendus est crocodilus quis posteriorem dentem acerbum conquetur.
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] 2. Phonemic voicing 3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives I'm taking this and to mean and/or. 4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives ɣ ftw 5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays this heavily depends on there being h but no ? 6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined 7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] 8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] 13. No lateral obstruents 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] 16. 4 stop/affricate POAs 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] 21. Three or more diphthongs 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] 23. One front rounded vowel 24. Two or more front rounded vowels 25. No vowel harmony 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height 28. Phonemic stress 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) 33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) 35. CVCC syllables allowed 36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] 37. CLV syllables allowed 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] 39. CCCV syllables allowed 40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) 41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed 42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed 43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) 44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes 46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) 49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries 50. No more than two series of fricatives 51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all not phonemic, yes, but they are allophonic 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above): S1. No initial velar nasal S2. No tone system with more than two tones S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) S5. No non-pulmonic consonants S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless unless aspiration is a phonation now S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] 2. Phonemic voicing 3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives 4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives 5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays 6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined 7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] 8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] 13. No lateral obstruents 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] 16. 4 stop/affricate POAs (I assume this means exactly 4) 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] 21. Three or more diphthongs 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] 23. One front rounded vowel 24. Two or more front rounded vowels 25. No vowel harmony 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height 28. Phonemic stress 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) 33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) 35. CVCC syllables allowed 36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] 37. CLV syllables allowed 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] 39. CCCV syllables allowed 40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) 41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed 42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed 43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) 44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes 46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) 49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries 50. No more than two series of fricatives 51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above): S1. No initial velar nasal S2. No tone system with more than two tones S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) S5. No non-pulmonic consonants S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
Nåmuþ: 1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] 2. Phonemic voicing 3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives 4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives 5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays 6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined 7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] 8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] 13. No lateral obstruents 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] 16. 4 stop/affricate POAs 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] 21. Three or more diphthongs 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] 23. One front rounded vowel 24. Two or more front rounded vowels 25. No vowel harmony 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height 28. Phonemic stress 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) 33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) 35. CVCC syllables allowed 36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] 37. CLV syllables allowed 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] 39. CCCV syllables allowed 40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) 41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed 42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed 43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) 44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes 46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) 49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries 50. No more than two series of fricatives 51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above): S1. No initial velar nasal S2. No tone system with more than two tones S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) S5. No non-pulmonic consonants S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] 2. Phonemic voicing 3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives stops only 4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives 5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays 6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined 7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] 8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] 13. No lateral obstruents 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] 16. 4 stop/affricate POAs 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] 21. Three or more diphthongs 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] 23. One front rounded vowel 24. Two or more front rounded vowels 25. No vowel harmony 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height 28. Phonemic stress 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) 33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) 35. CVCC syllables allowed 36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] 37. CLV syllables allowed 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] 39. CCCV syllables allowed 40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) 41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed 42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed 43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) 44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes 46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) 49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries 50. No more than two series of fricatives 51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables I don't know, but with only three vowels, I assume not. 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above): S1. No initial velar nasal S2. No tone system with more than two tones Sheldon (1988) claims 3. S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) S5. No non-pulmonic consonants S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
50. Presence of an approximant or non-alveolar rhotic
S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length and quality, but not syllable-specific tone or phonation)
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] Uvular and glottal stops 2. Phonemic voicing 3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives 4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives 5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays 6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined 5 POAs for stops, only labial and alveolar nasals 7. No single MOA found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] Mostly becasue /j/ is the only palatal consonant 8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] [s ~ ʃ] is the only phonemic fricative 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) 5 stops, 4 non-stops 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] 11 phonemic consonants 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] One lateral but no distinct rhotics 13. No lateral obstruents 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] 16. 4 stop/affricate POAs 5 stop POAs 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] Ejectives occur, but are not considered phonemic 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] 4 vowel qualities 21. Three or more diphthongs No phonemic diphthongs 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] 23. One front rounded vowel 24. Two or more front rounded vowels 25. No vowel harmony 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height 28. Phonemic stress 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for two-tone languages] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) 33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) 35. CVCC syllables allowed 36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] [no mark if CVCCC syllables not allowed] 37. CLV syllables allowed 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA] 39. CCCV syllables allowed 40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) SSV syllables containing dissimilar stops allowed 41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed 42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed 43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives (stops -> fricatives -> liquids -> approximants) 44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic [half mark if lateral or both] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes 46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative [not counting /w/ as labial-velar or whatever] 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) 49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries 50. Presence of an approximant or non-alveolar rhotic 51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above): S1. No initial velar nasal S2. No tone system with more than two tones S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length and quality, but not syllable-specific tone or phonation) S5. No non-pulmonic consonants S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
47.5% SAE (36.5% if you count ejective and aspirated allophones)
Edit: I am precisely the kind of idiot Nort describes below, and also I apparently can't count
Last edited by CatDoom on Tue Oct 08, 2013 10:39 pm, edited 3 times in total.
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar F
2. Phonemic voicing T
3. Phonemic voicing only on stops and fricatives T
4. Voicing distinction on fricatives but only labial and/or coronal fricatives F
5. At least two MOAs with identical POA arrays F
6. One fewer phonemic POA for nasals than for stops and affricates combined F
7. No single MOA found at all POAs T
8. At least one non-glottal POA with at least one fricative but no stops T
9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops F
10. More non-stops than stops F
11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes T
12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics F
13. No lateral obstruents T
14. One phonemic rhotic T
15. 5-7 POAs T
16. 4 stop/affricate POAs F
17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA and no double articulation T
18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing T
19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind T
20. 7 or more vowel qualities H
21. Three or more diphthongs F
22. No non-low back unrounded vowels T
23. One front rounded vowel F
24. Two or more front rounded vowels F
25. No vowel harmony T
26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. T
27. More than three degrees of vowel height F
28. Phonemic stress T
29. No phonemic tone T
30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed T
31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) T
32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) T
33. CVF syllables allowed (F = fricative) T
34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) T
35. CVCC syllables allowed T
36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF F
37. CLV syllables allowed F
38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. F
39. CCCV syllables allowed F
40. CCV syllables allowed but SSV or SSCV syllables not allowed F
41. CCCV syllables allowed but CCNV syllables not allowed F
42. CCV syllables allowed but SNV syllables not allowed F
43. Sonority hierarchy violation in consonant clusters allowed only for fricatives T
44. One syllabic consonant, a rhotic F
45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes F
46. No non-glottal POA with only one MOA, and that MOA isn't fricative F
47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) F
48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ F
49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries T
50. No more than two series of fricatives T
51. 9 or more vowel POAs AND no vowel harmony F
52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all F
53. Words can end in any consonant F
54. Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables F
55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA F
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above):
S1. No initial velar nasal F
S2. No tone system with more than two tones T
S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides F
S4. At least 10 vowels in total F
S5. No non-pulmonic consonants T
S6. No phonation distinctions other than voiced/voiceless T
S7. Phonemic voice distinction T
S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops F
S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants T
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar] 2. Phonemic voicing [half mark if voicing is only part of the distinction] 3. Two and only two parallel series of phonemes at each POA at which at least one stop is present (glottal, if present, excluded from the series) (a series still counts if it is missing only one phoneme from the expected series) 4. At least two series distinguished by voicing alone (i.e. at each POA where one of the series occurs, the other occurs and the only difference is voicing) (up to one POA where this is not true allowed) [half mark if voicing is one feature distinguishing the series]. 5. At least two series with identical POA arrays (i.e. at least two series not showing any gaps) 6. Nasals at multiple POAs 7. No single MOA (stops, fricatives, nasals, liquids) found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] 8. Voicing distinction on all fricatives (one gap permitted) [half mark for some other distinction between fricatives at same POA, or for more than one gap, or voicing can be distinctive in some circumstances but isn't the only distinction - but no more than one of these exceptions] 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) [half mark if this is true counting nasals as non-stops] 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one] 13. No lateral obstruants 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one, or if there is a phonemic lateral not distinguished from a rhotic at the same POA] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs] 16. No systematic double-articulation (i.e. double-articulation limited to a few 'random' phonemes, not a cohesive pattern) 17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing 19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more] 21. Three or more diphthongs 22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] 23. One front rounded vowel. 24. Two or more front rounded vowels 25. No vowel harmony 26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height [half mark for three degrees] 28. Phonemic stress [half mark for fixed initial stress] 29. No phonemic tone [half mark for pitch-accent or two-tone languages] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal) 34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop) 35. CVCC syllables allowed 36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF] 37. CLV syllables allowed 38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA. 39. CCCV syllables allowed 40. SSV or CSSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates) 41. CCNV syllables not allowed 42. SNV syllables not allowed 43. Syllabic consonants only in word-final (not including compounds!) position (includes no syllabic consonants) 44. All words must include at least one vowel [half mark if all content-words include at least one vowel] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes 46. If an MOA exists or an MOA/phonation combination, it exists at a coronal POA (not including approximants) 47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates] 48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal) 49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries 50. No more than two series of fricatives 51. 9 or more vowel qualities AND no vowel harmony 52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 54. Words can end in any vowel [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above): S1. No initial velar nasal S2. No tone system with more than two tones S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental) S5. No non-pulmonic consonants S6. No phonation disticntions other than voiced/voiceless S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops] S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
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So Pazmat is roughly 75% SAE.
You know, despite having four phonemic syllabic consonants and allowing [qsr̩lɕtɕq zgl̩zɖʐiq] qsṛlsjcjq zgḷzjhiq, which does actually mean something: "annoying waterbird".
This test has some problems.
Nūdhrēmnāva naraśva, dṛk śraṣrāsit nūdhrēmanīṣṣ iźdatīyyīm woḥīm madhēyyaṣṣi. satisfaction-DEF.SG-LOC live.PERFECTIVE-1P.INCL but work-DEF.SG-PRIV satisfaction-DEF.PL.NOM weakeness-DEF.PL-DAT only lead-FUT-3P
1. Absence of any phonemic POA for stops further back than velar [half mark for only one stop-POA behind velar, or for prominent allophonic stops behind velar]
2. Phonemic voicing [half mark if voicing is only part of the distinction] 3. Two and only two parallel series of phonemes at each POA at which at least one stop is present (glottal, if present, excluded from the series) (a series still counts if it is missing only one phoneme from the expected series) 4. At least two series distinguished by voicing alone (i.e. at each POA where one of the series occurs, the other occurs and the only difference is voicing) (up to one POA where this is not true allowed) [half mark if voicing is one feature distinguishing the series]. 5. At least two series with identical POA arrays (i.e. at least two series not showing any gaps)
6. Nasals at multiple POAs
7. No single MOA (stops, fricatives, nasals, liquids) found at all POAs [half mark if only one MOA at all POAs] 8. Voicing distinction on all fricatives (one gap permitted) [half mark for some other distinction between fricatives at same POA, or for more than one gap, or voicing can be distinctive in some circumstances but isn't the only distinction - but no more than one of these exceptions] 9. Fricatives distinguish more POAs than (non-nasal) stops [half mark if they distinguish the same number] 10. More non-stops than stops (not counting nasals as either stops or non-stops) [half mark if this is true counting nasals as non-stops] 11. Between 20 and 30 consonant phonemes [half mark if between 15 and 40] 12. One phonemic lateral, distinguished from rhotics [half mark if more than one]
13. No lateral obstruants 14. One phonemic rhotic [half mark if more than one, or if there is a phonemic lateral not distinguished from a rhotic at the same POA] 15. 5-7 POAs [half mark if at least 4 POAs]
16. No systematic double-articulation (i.e. double-articulation limited to a few 'random' phonemes, not a cohesive pattern)
17. No systematic secondary articulation at more than one POA [half mark if there is systematic palatal secondary articulation] 18. Absence of any phonemic phonation distinction other than voicing (No voicing distinction.)
19. No clicks, ejectives, or ingressive consonants of any kind [half mark if one of these categories occurs not as a series] 20. 7 or more vowel qualities [half mark for 5 or more]
21. Three or more diphthongs
22. No non-low back unrounded vowels [half mark if no high back unrounded vowels] 23. One front rounded vowel. 24. Two or more front rounded vowels
25. No vowel harmony
26. Vowels distinguished solely by height, frontness, roundedness and length. (i.e. no voice distinctions, rhotic vowels, ATR, nasal vowels, etc) [half mark for nasal vowels not occuring at all vowel qualities] 27. More than three degrees of vowel height [half mark for three degrees] 28. Phonemic stress [half mark for fixed initial stress]
29. No phonemic tone [half mark for pitch-accent or two-tone languages] 30. Syllables without onset consonants allowed 31. CVL syllables allowed (L = lateral or rhotic) 32. CVN syllables allowed (N = nasal)
34. CVS syllables allowed (S = stop)
35. CVCC syllables allowed
36. CVCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCF [half mark if CVCCCC syllables not allowed other than CVCCCF]
37. CLV syllables allowed
38. FCV syllables allowed (F = fricative), where C is not a glide or a liquid. [but only half mark if C cannot be a member of a particular series (eg nasal, voiced, ejective, fricative etc) or POA.
39. CCCV syllables allowed
40. SSV or CSSV or SSCV syllables not allowed (not including geminates)
41. CCNV syllables not allowed
42. SNV syllables not allowed
43. Syllabic consonants only in word-final (not including compounds!) position (includes no syllabic consonants) [Has none.]
44. All words must include at least one vowel [half mark if all content-words include at least one vowel] 45. (At least some) affricates treated as phonemes [No affricates.] 46. If an MOA exists or an MOA/phonation combination, it exists at a coronal POA (not including approximants)
47. No more than four POAs for stops (affricates not counted) [half mark for five, or counting affricates]
48. No initial nasal other than /m/ or /n/ (half mark if other initial nasals but not initial velar or uvular nasal)
49. No phonemic distinction of consonant length, or gemination, except across morpheme boundaries
50. No more than two series of fricatives 51. 9 or more vowel qualities AND no vowel harmony
52. No velar (or uvular, etc) nasals at all 53. Words can end in any consonant [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found]
54. Words can end in any vowel [half mark if 1-2 exceptions found] 55. More phonemes at a single coronal POA than at any other single POA
The following special questions are each worth 5 marks (in addition to any they may have gained in the above):
S1. No initial velar nasal
S2. No tone system with more than two tones S3. Syllables of both CCV and CVC form appear (not necessarily for all C), where all Cs can be non-glides [2.5 marks if this is true but some Cs must be glides] S4. At least 10 vowels in total (including length, quality, and syllable-specific tone, not including anything suprasegmental)
S5. No non-pulmonic consonants S6. No phonation disticntions other than voiced/voiceless S7. Phonemic voice distinction [2.5 marks if it is only one aspect of a distinction] S8. Fricatives and affricates, added together, outnumber plain non-nasal stops [2.5 marks if fricatives, affricates, liquids and glides together outnumber (nasals + stops), OR if the fricatives+affricates EQUALS non-nasal stops]
S9. Ignoring stops and nasals: more fricatives than non-fricative consonants [2.5 marks if equal]
Chagen wrote:You know, despite having four phonemic syllabic consonants and allowing [qsr̩lɕtɕq zgl̩zɖʐiq] qsṛlsjcjq zgḷzjhiq, which does actually mean something: "annoying waterbird".
This test has some problems.
a phonology that is otherwise SAE but allows large consonant clusters really hasn't escaped SAE-ness
And this board uses a European language that has four syllabic consonants so I'm not sure what you're complaining about.
English' syllabics are not phonemes.
cromulant wrote:
Chagen wrote:You know, despite having four phonemic syllabic consonants and allowing [qsr̩lɕtɕq zgl̩zɖʐiq] qsṛlsjcjq zgḷzjhiq, which does actually mean something: "annoying waterbird".
This test has some problems.
a phonology that is otherwise SAE but allows large consonant clusters really hasn't escaped SAE-ness
has it now
/q/ got you one point
That doesn't change the fact that such clusters will never show up in an SAE-lang besides a Slavic one (and Slavic is barely SAE).
Also gotta love how the test does not take grammar into account whatsoever. Pazmat is some fucked up mix of Tripartite and Split-S alongside a tiny mix of the Austronesian Trigger system, gee, that sure sounds SAE doesn't it!?
Nūdhrēmnāva naraśva, dṛk śraṣrāsit nūdhrēmanīṣṣ iźdatīyyīm woḥīm madhēyyaṣṣi. satisfaction-DEF.SG-LOC live.PERFECTIVE-1P.INCL but work-DEF.SG-PRIV satisfaction-DEF.PL.NOM weakeness-DEF.PL-DAT only lead-FUT-3P
