Post your conlang's phonology

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Acid Badger
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by Acid Badger »

Code: Select all

pʰ b tʰ d kʰ g
pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ
tsʰ dz tʃʰ
tsʼ
f v θ s z ʃ x ɣ
m n
r l

a e i o

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by RithKingWill »

RENNISH
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SHORT VOWELS
/a ε i ɔ u ə/ = <a e i o u y>

LONG VOWELS
/aː eː iː oː uː/ = <ā ē ī ō ū>

DIPHTHONGS
/aʊ ɔɪ uɪ/ = <au oi ui>
Any vowel combination is allowed but these three are the only ones not considered separate syllables.

PLOSIVES
/p b t d k g/ = <p b t d k g>

FRICATIVES
/f v θ ð s x γ h/ = <f v þ ð s x ǧ h>

NASALS
/m n ŋ/ = <m n ñ>

LIQUIDS
/l ɾ/ = <l r>

STRESS
1: If the word’s final syllable has a short vowel, stress the penultimate syllable.
2: Otherwise, stress the final syllable.

TONE
1: Only occurs on stressed syllables.
2: Short vowels either get a rising tone (a e i o u y) or a falling tone (à è ì ò ù ỳ)
3: Long vowels either get a rising-to-falling tone (ā ē ī ō ū) or a falling-to-rising tone (ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ)
4: Diphthongs either get a rising-to-falling tone (au oi ui) or a falling-to-rising tone (àu òi ùi)
5: Single-syllable words carry no tone.

ALLOPHONES (all allophones are optional but the standard speaker does use them)
Palatalization before (and sometimes after) /i/,/ε/, and /e/
—/t/ becomes [tʃ]
—/d/ becomes [dʒ]
—/k/ becomes [c]
—/g/ becomes [ɟ]
—/s/ becomes [ʃ] (southern dialect always has [ʃ] instead of /s/ to differentiate it from /θ/)
—/x/ and /h/ become [ç] (/x/ doesn’t palatalize in the southern dialect)
—/γ/ becomes [j] ([ʝ] in the southern dialect)
—/n/ becomes [ɲ]
—/l/ becomes [λ]
—Other consonants simply get [ʲ]
—/i/ becomes silent between palatalized consonants and another vowel or ending words (unless long)
—Southern dialect never palatalizes consonants before /ε/ and /e/
Labialization before (and sometimes after) /u/, /ɔ/, and /o/
—/f/ becomes [φ]
—/v/ becomes [w] ([β] in the southern dialect when medial)
—/x/ and /h/ become [ʍ] (/x/ doesn’t labialize in the southern dialect)
—Other consonants simply get [ʷ]
—/u/ becomes silent between labialized consonants and another vowel or ending words (unless long)
—Southern dialect never labializes consonants before /ɔ/ and /o/
/p t k/ are aspirated when initial
/b d g h/ are followed by an unwritten [ə] when ending words
/d/ becomes [ɾ] when after voiced stops
/x/ is [χ] when final and when doubled (only in insults)
<xr> is pronounced [χ]
/γ/ is [ʀ] ([ʁ] in the southern dialect) when final
<ǧr> is pronounced [ʀ] ([ʁ] in the southern dialect)
<mm nn ññ ll rr> are pronounced [bm dn gŋ dl dɾ], respectfully
/ɾ/ is pronounced [ɹ] when initial or after other consonants (except /t d/)
/ɾ/ is pronounced [ɐ] when final (unless after /a/ where it’s pronounced [ɹ])
/a ɛ i u/ are pronounced [ə ə ɪ ʊ], respectfully, when unstressed
—unstressed <e> is sometimes made silent (especially when between consonants in the southern dialect)
/i/ and /u/ are pronounced [j] and [w], respectfully, when adjacent to other vowel
/eː/ and /oː/ are pronounced [eI] and [oʊ], respectfully, when before a vowel or when final
The combination <er> is pronounced [ɚ] ([œ] in the southern dialect); this only occurs in the word <er>
In the southern dialect, any vowel followed by <ñ> is a nasal vowel unless ending words or before a vowel (<ñ> is silent).

CONSONANT MUTATION
Softening between vowels.
—Plosives become fricatives. (must be of same voice)
—/s/ becomes /h/
—/f/ vanishes entirely
—/ɾ/ becomes /d/
—Vowel-initial words gain /h/
Nasalization after nasals and liquids.
—Voiceless plosives become voiced.
—Voiced plosives become the appropriate nasal. (preceding nasals are elided)
—/s/ becomes /t/
—/f/ becomes /v/
—/ɾ/ becomes /l/ but is instead softened when after liquids
—Vowel-initial words gain /n/
Softening and Nasalization also appear in some grammatical changes.

VOWEL MUTATION
Fronting
—/a ε i ɔ u/ become /ε i ə ɔɪ uɪ/, respectfully
—/i/ does not change when adjacent to other vowels
Backing
—/a ε i ɔ u/ become /ə a ε aʊ ɔ/, respectfully
—/a/ does not change when adjacent to other vowels
Long vowels do not mutate. Instead they shorten and are followed by -hV (fronting) and -nV (backing)
—V means an copy of the newly-shortened vowel
—so <ā> is <aha> when fronted and <ana> when backed

PHONOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS
Onset may include:
1: Any single consonant
2: Stop + Stop (must be of same voice)
3: /s/ + voiceless Stop (except /t/), Nasal, or Liquid
4: Stop, Nasal, or Fricative + Liquid
Nucleus may include: Any vowel or diphthong
—Diphthongs other than /aʊ ɔɪ uɪ/ are treated as separate syllables.
Coda may include: Any single consonant
"When I became of age, I put away all childish things—including the dream of being very grown up." -C.S. Lewis

"Love, it's what you do. Peace, it's what you choose." -WillGray42

"....." -Silent Bob

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Matt
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by Matt »

finlay wrote:
Matt wrote:Yes, that is a four-way contrast between apico-alveolar, apico-postalveolar (i.e., retroflex), lamino-dental, and lamino-palatal.
ripped straight from Arrernte i presume. :P It's also not clear whether they're unaspirated voiceless plosives or voiced plosives. Technically could be either, even when you consider Auslangs in general.
Yeah, I got it from Arrente, although I've done a conlang or two with a dental/alveolar contrast before. I still need to work out all the allophony, which I've been putting off.
finlay wrote:also <ö> isn't a very good choice for a back vowel.
Yeah, I don't like it either. I actually think I'm going to redo the vowel system. I usually default to a system of /a e i o/ and I wanted more vowels this time around, but I'm not crazy about the system I've got so far.
Kuku-kuku kaki kakak kakekku kaku kaku.
'the toenails of my grandfather's elder brother are stiff'

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finlay
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by finlay »

Panceor:

Code: Select all

i e a o u

p t k kʷ
v s
m n ŋ
 ts
w r l
also /st/ is spelt <c> and sometimes acts similarly to the other consonants in terms of syllable structure and so on.

And here is Fhirstöyem, which is the first conlang I made after discovering the LCK and the ZBB and stuff... I particularly disliked the vowel system, because for some reason I decided that the language didn't have a or o, only ã and õ. More copypasta, because conveniently it's already in text-table format. I'll go through and change it into IPA though since it is stored as X-SAMPA. :( Also I've just noticed that I denoted the final allophone of /r/ as /ɹ/ rather than [ɹ]. :cry: And I duno why i didn't give the affricates a line in the table.

Code: Select all

           bilab ldnt. alve. p-alv velar glot.
     stops p           t           c     '
          /p/         /t/         /k/   /ʔ/
    nasals    m           n           ñ
             /m/         /n/         /ŋ/
fricatives fh vh  f v   s z   x j  kh gh h
           /ɸ β/ /f v/ /s z/ /ʃ ʒ/ /x ɣ/ /h/
 [lateral]             lh
                       /ɬ/
     trill             rh r
                      /r̥ r/
approxmnts    w[lab-vel], r[finally], y[pal]
             /w/         [ɹ]         /j/
[lateral]                 l
                         /l/
Plus three affricates:
č=tx /tʃ/,
ć=tlh /tɬ/,
tz=ts /ts/

     :Vowels:
The low back vowels a,o can only be pronounced nasally (this is the main odd strangled bit). They aren't very common.
         Front   Central   Back
Closed  i ü                 u
       /i y/               /u/
Mid-Closed é
          /e/      ë /ə/
  Mid-Open   e ö             õ
            /ɛ œ/           /ɔ̃/
       Open    ã
              /ã/
I had a conlang before that called Flingot, but its pronunciation tables covered multiple pages because every sound I knew at the time had to have a spelling in Flingot – in fact, I think each sound had to have multiple spellings (/k/ had all of <c k q> and I prefered to use Q because it was iunno cooler or something - but some grammatical functions used a different letter, like plural was always -k. Or was, until I discovered Latin and decided that my language had to have table upon table of case inflections too), and every letter and combination of diacritics and letters had to have a pronunciation too. It even had ejectives and one implosive, although I didn't know what these were at the time - the diacritic ẋ could be added to any letter to add a glottal stop after it, which would have made /p t k/ into /pʼ tʼ kʼ/. But I would have transcribed it for consonants as /əʔ/, if I'd known IPA more than via fleeting examples from the dictionary's pronunciation guide... And as for the implosive, I think <g̊> was [ʛ] - I described it as a "glucking" sound. It only showed up in one word which was just <g̊> on its own, because I couldn't pronounce it in conjunction with any other sound. <g̊> meant aeroplane.

I've also found an important historical document in a notebook, which was a short lived conlang from around the same period (2002 apparently, since there's another entry in the notebook from Christmas 2001) called Tempikimon. It was my attempt at something syntactically odd and/or polysynthetic at a time when I didn't know shit about either. Unfortunately I've lost almost all record of what the syntax was*, although there may be a lexicon file hidden away on my computer (edit: which I've found, and where it's called Telpikinof). Later in the notebook it also says that there's a dialect called Kimo Tempin where the word order is the same as English. Anyway, I'm going to transcribe the pronunciation section verbatim:
Tempikimon Pronounciation

CONSANANTS
letters b, d, f, h, k ,l, m, n, p, s, t, z same as in English
C - pronounced 'ts'
G - always pronounced hard as in 'get'
J - pronounced as 'y' in english
Q - pronounced 'ch'
R - trilled
V - pronounced 'w'
W - pronounced 'v'

[then in a little box to the side]
also
TH as in English
'KH' as in 'loch'
CH as in English
SH as in English

[then on the back]
Vowels
A - as 'a'
E - as 'e'
I - as 'ee'
O - as 'o'
U - as 'u' in 'bum'
Y - as 'ü' in German 'für'
*apart from the fragments "Nimotikonam Finlay", or 'nimoti-ko-nam Finlay', or 'name-is-my Finlay', or "My name is Finlay",
and 'Kotattha kipthor ontip'
'am-I today happy'
"I am happy today"

I feel it's almost a bit unfair to put Panceor in the same post as my Old Shame Conlangs, since I still actually like it, but it's coming up to 6 years old now if it hasn't already reached it and was the first conlang I made after Fhirstöyem.

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Jipí
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by Jipí »

CONSONANTS

Nasals: /m n ŋ/ <m n ng>
Plosives: /p b t d k g/ <p b t d k g>
Affricates: /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ <c j>
Taps'n'Flaps: /r/ <r>
Fricatives: /v s ç~x~h/ <v s h>
Approximants /l j (w)/ <l y>

/h/ alternates in its realization between [ç] and [x~χ]:
  • h → ç / V[+front]_
    h → x / V[-front]_
/a/ is counted as a back vowel.

[w] is an allophone of /ɔɪ/ before another diphthong (most frequently /aɪ/), and also the realization of intervocalic /uj/:
  • ɔɪ → w / _V͡V
    uj → w / V_V
VOWELS

High: /i u/ <i u>
Mid: /e ə o/ <e ə o>
Low: /aː a/ <ā a>
Diphthongs: /a͡ɪ e͡ɪ ɔ͡ɪ/ <ay ey oy> (whether [ʊɪ] is phonemic I haven't yet investigated)

Tense and lax vowels are in complementary distribution: open syllables have a strong tendency towards tense vowel nuclei, closed syllables towards lax ones. There is only a phonemic length contrast for /a/ I think, all other vowels omit a hiatus of two identical vowels in a sequence by lengthening.
Last edited by Jipí on Tue Feb 08, 2011 2:52 pm, edited 5 times in total.

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roninbodhisattva
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by roninbodhisattva »

New inventory I just came up with because I'm procrastinating:

Consonants:
Image

Vowels:
Image
Last edited by roninbodhisattva on Tue Feb 08, 2011 3:28 pm, edited 2 times in total.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by Jipí »

Why [kʲ], not [c]? Also, why no [pʷ]?

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roninbodhisattva
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by roninbodhisattva »

Guitarplayer wrote:Why [kʲ], not [c]? Also, why no [pʷ]?
To the first, *shrug* and the to second...I think it's a gross sound, and it doesn't seem to fit? Technically, I'm thinking of /k_j/ which would probably be [c].

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finlay
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by finlay »

Those aren't the same sound, though, even though they're close together.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by roninbodhisattva »

Well sure, but palatalized velars have a tendency to become palatal stops, at least it's not at all out of the realm of possibility. Both sounds are articulated with the back of the tongue, quite closely, and the palatal coarticulation could easily change into simple palatal articulation of the entire consonant. I literally threw this together in like...10 minutes.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by finlay »

exactly what i said

also i can't see the image

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by roninbodhisattva »

Here's the inventory:

Stops/affricate: /p t tʃ kʲ k kʷ q qʷ ʔ/
Fricatives: /β ð s ʃ x ɣ xʷ h/
Nasals: /m n ɲ ŋ/
Liquids: /l ɾ ʎ/
Approximants: /j w/

Vowels: /i y u e ɛ ə o a ɑ:/

I may get rid of /ð ɣ/, add /θ/ and then change /β/ to /ʋ/. We'll see. The vowels are pretty loose right now. I may get rid of the second low vowel and add /ɨ/.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by lctrgzmn »

I didn't only mean phoneme inventories. You could write your language's entire phonological history if you REALLY wanted to. It was just what I had to put up.

And if you're gonna complain about it being boring, hop off. Not everyone's opinions are like that.

Sorry to sound so condescending, but I'm also new, and after searching to see if a thread or topic like this had been posted -- and not finding anything -- I just decided to ask.





Oh, and wow. A lot of y'all's phonologies/phoneme inventories make mine look quite simple -_-

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finlay
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by finlay »

The reason a lot of people find it boring is because we get like 10 posts/day going 'look at my phonology!!' :P

I basically can't be bothered writing up the whole reasoning behind a lot of my phonologies. Eltagri is a difficult one; it's my most recent one which hasn't progressed to the grammar stage yet, and can partly only be described in terms of sound changes. I'm not even sure how to go about presenting it.

The inventory is:

Code: Select all

p t ʔ
v ɬ ð ɣ
m
r l j ʀ
[i]pʼ tʼ f θ x[/i]

ɪɑ ue ɛʉ
i: ɪ u: o e æ: a
where the 5 italic phonemes have limited distribution. But alternative analyses can be done, because quite a wide range of consonant clusters are allowed with allophony all over the place... for instance, do you want to analyse [kx] as /ʔɣ/, which is accurate from a historical perspective, or as its own phoneme? It is after all the default way of borrowing /k/ from other languages. In the orthography, which I'm not sure about because I want them not to have writing, <kg> is used here rather than the more phonemic <qg>. Similarly, /m/ has the allophones [ɱ m͡b n ɲ ŋ], and the last three are spelt <n>.

[ʀ] could also be analysed as /ɣr/ and it's spelt <gr>, as in the name of the language, [ʔeɬtɑʀɪ].

Here are all the consonant phones, but I'll save the writing up of it till later or something and maybe make a thread for it. Bold are the phonemes (which I've already given above)
p b t d c ɟ k ʔ pʼ tʼ
ɸ f v θ ð ç ʝ x ɣ
m ɱ n ɲ ŋ m͡b
rl ʎ ɫ jɬ
ʀ
They're in the order of the sonority hierarchy that governs consonant clusters - the upper line has to be furthest from the syllable nucleus and the lower line must be closer; [ʀ] doesn't make clusters, however, so it gets its own line. The exact list of consonant clusters is quite a bit longer than this.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by roninbodhisattva »

Another inventory from today:

Stops /p t d k g/
Fricatives /v s z ɕ ʑ x~h/
Nasals /m n/
Liquids /l ɾ j/

Single vowels: /i ʉ u e o a ɛ̃ ʌ̃/
Vowel clusters/dipthongs: /ai au ei ou ui ia ʉa ua ie uo/

Words may begin with a vowel or single consonant. Between vowels, there may be one or two consonants. Some of these post vocalic clusters may also occur word finally. The are also a small number of word final single consonants. The clusters are:

/ts ks/
/st sk xt ɕt ɕk zd zg ʑd ʑg vd vg/
/nd ng ld lg lv ɾd ɾg ɾv lj ɾj/

Final consonants: /t k s m n sh l ɾ/

Edit: I have decided to add a small amount of word initial clusters, [pɾ tɾ kɾ] to the phonology I posted last. Some sample words:

zẽi
prua
miksan
vyri
kejãir
kyaky
zhats
vais
pruirjot
puipẽl
zua
krẽkẽ
heks
reits
nihtua

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finlay
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by finlay »

Because I can't be bothered making my own thread yet, here is a chart of the basic vowels of Eltagri:

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roninbodhisattva
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by roninbodhisattva »

Also, I've had this one bumping around my head for a long time. It's essentially something like Salish with voiced stops:

Labial: /p pˀ b m mˀ/
Dental: /tθ tθˀ θ/
Alveolar: /t tˀ d c cˀ s z n nˀ/
Lateral: /ƛˀ ɬ l lˀ/
Palatal: /č čˀ š ž y ỷ/
Lab. velar: /kʷ kˀʷ gʷ xʷ w wˀ/
Uvular: /q qˀ χ ʁ ʁˀ/
Lab. uvular: /qʷ qˀʷ χʷ/

Vowels: /i u e a ə/

Probably crazy consonant clusters. Voiced consonants always have to appear after a vowel.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by *Ceresz »

My current project's phoneme inventory.
Image
Image

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by Grimalkin »

XinuX wrote:
Lordshrew wrote:Mrgsabian:

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t kxː
d gɣː

i y
First thought: ooh, minimalist. I assume the name is an exonym.
Second thought: Wait, is this a joke?
Third thought: No, it's too almost-vaguely-bizarro-plausible to be a joke.
Haha, actually it was a joke, but I *might* just make something out of it. Rotokas and Pirahã have fewer than 10 phonemes so it has potential. Maybe.

Serious phoneme inventories:

Olguma:

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p pʲ b bʲ t tʲ d dʲ k kʷ gʷ 
m mʲ n nʲ ɲ ŋ
ts tɕ tɕʷ dʑʷ
f fʲ s ʃ ɕ x
ɾ ɾʲ l lʲ w ɥ j h
The consonant inventory makes a little more sense when you know that nearly half of the phonemes have developed as a result of palatalisation before front vowels and glides.

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i ʏ e ø ɛ a o u
əi ei oi œʏ aʏ au eu ɪu
Old Agiram (the direct ancestor of Olguma):

Code: Select all

p b t d k g
m n
tʃ
s χ h
r l ʋ̃ j w

Code: Select all

i i: y y: e e: ɛ ɛ: a a: ɔ ɔ: o o: u u:
ai a:i ay au ei e:i ey eu ou
Proto-Askirrian (the ancestor of Old Agiram and numerous other languages):

Code: Select all

p p' b t t' d k k' g
m n ŋ
s ʃ x ɣ χ
l r j w

Code: Select all

i i: e e: a a: o o: u u:
Most reconstructions of Proto-Askirrian assume that it had no diphthongs.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by lctrgzmn »

*Ceresz wrote:My current project's phoneme inventory.
Image
Image
As interesting as everyone's phonologies have been, I think yours interests me the most, particularly because it reminds me of Icelandic, only not really...

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*Ceresz
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by *Ceresz »

Thanks, Icelandic was actually an inspiration :). But it's still not that Icelandicy.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by finlay »

Argh! <é> for /ə/!
:cry:

I do quite thing that one should keep to some extent to extant orthographic practices; and é isn't really ever used for /ə/ (in Icelandic it's /je/). You could get away with è though.

Also, when presenting it, put /ə/ on the same row as /e/ and /o/ and call it the mid level. When you don't have the distinction between open-mid and close-mid you tend to get something in between which doesn't really have an IPA symbol; indeed, you would also want to call them /e/ and /o/ rather than /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ for simplicity's sake. This will especially be the case for your conlang because you already have rather a lot of open vowels (too many for my liking) and having two vowels that are specifically open-mid rather than just mid makes it even worse... ([æ] and [ɛ] aren't that far apart, in particular).

This is one area where the IPA chart isn't really clear enough and overspecifies. Just call them mid if you don't have two levels, essentially.

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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by zoqaëski »

I've posted this fairly recently already, but I've made a few changes since then. Still haven't worked out stress or prosody, I'll come to that once I've written enough of the morphology, syntax and lexicon to see how different combinations would work. Perhaps a pitch-accent rather than stress, or something like that? I dunno. What can I say, it's a work in progress.

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/875911/conlangs ... nology.pdf

Hopefully Dropbox won't 404 it on me again. No symlinking this time so it should be fine, unless I accidentally delete it when I recompile the document and forget to rename it or something. =/

(The best bit about LaTeX subfiles package is that I can run off individual chapters as documents and see how they look before compiling the main grammar.tex file, which takes about 30–90s to run LaTeX enough times to get the cross-referencing right.)
Zoqaëski : /θoˈca.jes.ki/
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*Ceresz
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by *Ceresz »

finlay wrote:Argh! <é> for /ə/!
:cry:

I do quite thing that one should keep to some extent to extant orthographic practices; and é isn't really ever used for /ə/ (in Icelandic it's /je/). You could get away with è though.

Also, when presenting it, put /ə/ on the same row as /e/ and /o/ and call it the mid level. When you don't have the distinction between open-mid and close-mid you tend to get something in between which doesn't really have an IPA symbol; indeed, you would also want to call them /e/ and /o/ rather than /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ for simplicity's sake. This will especially be the case for your conlang because you already have rather a lot of open vowels (too many for my liking) and having two vowels that are specifically open-mid rather than just mid makes it even worse... ([æ] and [ɛ] aren't that far apart, in particular).

This is one area where the IPA chart isn't really clear enough and overspecifies. Just call them mid if you don't have two levels, essentially.
I don't think I will change the orthography, but I thank you for the your other tips :). I have actually been thinking about changing /E/ and /O/ to /e/ and /o/ respectively.

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Tropylium⁺
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Re: Post your conlang's phonology

Post by Tropylium⁺ »

Some examples.

Classic Austric (3+7)
/e A u/
/b~w t k s n~N l j/

Ouiqál (8+23)
/i y u e ø o a A/
/p t k ʔ/
/b d g/
/m_0 n_0 ŋ_0/
/m n ŋ/
/f θ s ç h/ (and perhaps /ɸ/)
/β l ɾ j/

Standard West Persian' (31+57)

Code: Select all

/i i\ u/
/e @   /
/ a  A /

/i~ i\~ u~/
/e~       /
/ a~   A~ /

/ai  ei  @i Ai/
/ai\ ei\ @u Au/

/   i@     u@   /
/e6 i6 i\6 u6 o6/

/ai~ i@~ e@~/

/    t_> ts)_> tK)_> tS)_> k_> q_> ?/
/p   t   ts)   tK)   tS)   k   q    /
/b_t d_t             dZ_t  g_t G\_t /
/b_k d_k                            /
/f   T   s     K     S     x   X   h/
/v_t D_t z_t   l_t   Z     G_t R_t  /
/v_k D_k z_k   l_k                  /
/m_0 n_0             j_0   w_0 R\_0 /
/m_t n_t       l~_t  j_t   w_t R\_t /
/m_k n_k       l~_k  j_k   w_k R\_k /
(not gonna bother IPAfying + readjusting)
Not actually new.

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