Proto-O and the O Language

[Pogostick Man]

Okay, so this started out as part of the 9-phoneme challenge and I decided I'd like to throw a language family made out of this into my conworld. Feedback would be much appreciated, especially for those of you with extensive knowledge on PIE and its ablaut.

Phonology
/p t k |N| h j w ʁ e/ p t k {n,m} h j w r e

Allophony
- p t k > pf ts kx / _j
- |N| h j w ʁ > |N̩| a i u a / {C,#}_#
- p t k > β z ɣ / V_V (V in this case can be |N̩|)
- p t k > f s x / _# (I'm thinking about not doing this, however)
- |N| assimilates to the POA of a nearby consonant unless it's intervocalic, between a vowel and a word boundary, or between two /h/s

I'm wanting this to be sort of like Salish in that nouns are more like verbs.

In the main descendant of this language, I want the word for "people, beings" to be o and become the endonym (hence "O Language").

So far I think I have a plural prefix *r, a verb root *w "be conscious", and a "specifier"/deverbal/what-have-you-Salish-type-thing infix *-e-. This yields the proto-form *rwe [ʁwe] "the ones who have consciousness" (> O o "the people"). Without the specifier, the form would be *rw [ʁu] "they have consciousness". Given another root, say *tjk [tsix] "eat", the infixed form would be *tjek "eater". Plural forms would be *rtjk [atsix] "they eat" and *rtjek [atsjex] "eaters".

The *e-infixed words would be used to mark the subject and the benefactive. Roots appearing as a predicate or in object position would not take the *e-infix.

Apophony

I want to include some sort of apophony or ablaut in this language involving transitivity. I'm currently thinking perhaps *Ø ~ *j ~ *h for intransitive, transitive, and transitive with a dative/benefactive argument:

*nr [na] "play, exercise" ~ *njr [nja] "play (a game), exercise (a muscle)" ~ *nhr [naʁ] "play (a game) for s.o., exercise for s.o./s.th." (e.g., an army)
*kwn [kun] "go to the market" ~ *kjwn [k͜xjun] "buy (s.th.)" ~ *hkwn [aɣun] "buy (s.th., for s.o.)" (note the metathesis)
*wt [us] "sing" ~ *jwt [jus] "sing (s.th.)" ~ *hwt [hus] "sing (s.th.) for s.o."

Certain verbs (such as *e "exist") can take the transitive affixes with slightly shifted semantic meanings (cf. how "disappear" in English can be used transitively to make a causative: He disappeared him):

*e [e] "exist" ~ *je [je] "build" ~ *he [he] "build s.th. for s.o." (I'm not sure how to handle the *e-infix with verbs with a native *e in them; any ideas?)

Numbers
*tn [tn̩] "zero"
*wr [wa] "one"
*trkh [taɣa] "two"
*jn [jn̩] "three"
*wrt [uʁs] "four"
*tje [t͜sje] "five"
*rh [ʁa] "six"
*rhtn [ʁazn̩] "seven"
*rhwr [ahuʁ] "eight"
*rhtrkh [ʁazaɣa] "nine"
*rhjn [ahin] "ten"

[Pogostick Man]

DesEsseintes pointed out some errors in my numbers on the CBB, and I found a further few, so here's a revised number list:

*tn [tn̩] "zero"
*wr [wa] "one"
*trkh [taɣa] "two"
*jn [jn̩] "three"
*wrt [was] "four"
*tje [t͜sje] "five"
*rh [ʁa] "six"
*rhwr [ʁawa] "seven"
*rhtrkh [ʁazaɣa] "eight"
*rhjn [ahin] "nine"
*rhwrt [rawas]"ten"
*rhtje [ratsje] "eleven"
*trkhrh [taɣaʁa] "twelve"

Roots with no nucleus
Certain roots, including all roots with no resonant (such as *kp "twist, bend, contort") take an epenthetic /e/ in the intransitive. Certain roots with resonants do as well, though this is not very common. These will be denoted with a (e)—*k(e)p, *h(e)k "sniff at, smell".

*kep ~ kjp ~ khp
*hek ~ hik ~ hhp

The *-e- infix in roots with *e
In a root with native *e the *-e- infix takes the variant form *-j-.

*je (no infix) ~ *jej (infixed form)

Multisyllabic roots
Multisyllabic roots have the apophony applied to the final syllable of the root.

*teknt "dig" ~ *tekjnt "dig (s.th.) (up)" ~ *tekhnt "dig (s.th.) for (s.o.)"

Okay, on to tenses.

Tenses
There are four tenses, the prefixes appearing after the plural-subject marker (if applicable):
*w- distant past (typically more than a generation or two before)
*h- recent past
*Ø- present
*jp- future

A couple of examples:

*wre [uʁe] "they existed (long ago)" ~ *hre [aʁe] "they existed" ~ *re [ʁe] "they exist" ~ *jpre [ipʁe] "they will exist"
*ww [wu] "he was conscious (long ago)" (also used as a euphemism for "he died") ~ *hw [hu] "he was conscious" ~ *w "he is conscious" ~ *jpw [ivu] "he will be conscious"
*wnr [una] "he played (long ago)" ~ *hnʁ [ana] "he played" ~ *nr [na] "he plays" ~ *jpnr [ipna] "he will play"
*wkjwn [ukxjun] ~ *hkjwn [akxjun] ~ *kjwn ~ *jpkjwnj [ipkxjun]
*whwt [uhus] ~ *hhwt [ahus] ~ *hwt [hus] ~ *jphwt [iphus]

Object-marking
Object-markers typically are suffixes.

*-r 1sg
*-wn 2sg
*-h 3sg alive
*-k 3sg nonliving
*-tj 1pl
*-pw 2pl
*-nk 3pl alive
*-he 3pl nonliving

The same markers are used for marking both the direct object and the dative/benefactive, the suffixes appearing in that order.

*rhektj [ahektsi] "they built it for me"

[Pogostick Man]

I'm thinking of some sample sound changes to the O language. This will probably really mess with the apophony (w00t!).

h > Ø / C_
h > Ø / _C
j > Ø / _V ! #_
N̩ > on / _#
N̩ > o / else
pf ts kx > f s x
Vɣ > Vː
a > Ø / aː_
i(ː) u(ː) > iə uə
aj aːj ej eːj > e eː i iː / ! ʁ_
we weː > o oː
o(ː) > u(ː) / ! ʁ_
i(ː) u(ː) > e(ː) o(ː) / ʁ_
β z > β~w ɾ
k > q / _ʁ
k > q / ʁ_
j > ʒ > z
wa ja > wo je
aː eː iː oː uː > ɛə ej aj ow aw
ɛə iə uə > ɛ~ə ɨ ə
a > ɛ / ! ʁ_
ʁ > Ø
aj aw > ae ao
Vh > Vː / _{#,C}
Vh > Vːj / _E
Vh > Vːj / _B
kBj xBj ɣBj qBj > kʷ xʷ ɣʷ qʷ

Some changes (hoping I did this right, didn't use an SCA):

*tn > ton "zero"
*wr > wo "one"
*trkh > tɛ "two"
*jn > zon "three"
*wrt > wos "four"
*tje > se "five"
*rh > a "six"
*rhwr > awo "seven"
*rhtrkh > azɛ~azə "eight"
*rhjn > ɛhin "nine"
*rhwrt > awos "ten"
*rhtje > ase "eleven"
*trkhrh > tɛa~təa "twelve"
*teknt > tejus "dig"
*teknet > teknes "digger"
*tekjnt > texus "dig (s.th.)"
*tekhnt > tekut "dig (s.th.) for (s.o.)"
*we > u "person"
*rwe > o "people"
*tjk > saj "eat"
*rtjk > ɛzaj "they eat"
*tjek > sej "eater"
*rtjek > ɛsej "eaters"
*nr > nɛ "play, exercise"
*njr > nɛ "play (a game)"
*nhr > na "play (a game) for (s.o.)"
*kun > kun "go to the market"
*kjwn > xun "buy (s.th.)"
*hkwn > ɛun~əun "buy (s.th.) for (s.o.)"

[Imralu]

I like it so far. All I can say for now.

[Herr Dunkel]

I like this plenty.

[Pogostick Man]

Some tweaks to the sound changes:

j > Ø / C_V
N̩ > on / _#
N̩ > o / else
pf ts kx > f s x
Vɣ > Vː
Two like vowels (lengths can be different) in hiatus drop one
we weː > o oː
o(ː) > u(ː) / ! ʁ_
i(ː) u(ː) > iə uə
aj aːj ej eːj > e eː i iː
i(ː) u(ː) > e(ː) o(ː) / ʁ_
β z > β~w ɾ
k h > q χ / _ʁ
k h > q χ / ʁ_
j > ʒ > z
i u > j w / _V
i u > j w / V_
wa > wo
aː eː iː oː uː > ɛə ej aj ow aw
ɛə iə uə > ɛ~ə ɨ ə
j > Ø / _w
w > Ø / _j
Glides break up hiatus; glides are /w/ between two central vowels, the POA of a non-central vowel adjacent to a central vowel, or the POA of the first vowel
a > ɛ / ! ʁ_
ʁ > Ø
aj aw > ae ao
Vh > Vː / _{#,C}
Vh > Vːj / _E
Vh > Vːw / _B
h > Ø / C_V
kBG xBG qBG χBG > kʷ xʷ qʷ χʷ (G here is one of h,w,j)
x xʷ > ː {w,ɥ} / E_#
Two plosives assimilate to the second

Okay, let's take a look at the week's Lexember vocabulary as reflected in O (again, haven't run these through an actual SCA, this is just by-eyeing it):

Lexember 1 – *hjt [his] "be a parent" > his ⟨his⟩ (pl. ɛːjis ⟨è:yis⟩)

Derived terms:
- *hjjt [hjis] "beget, father, mother" > his ⟨his⟩
- *hjet [hjes] "parent" > hes ⟨hes⟩
- *rhjet [ʁajes] "parents" > eːs ⟨e:s⟩

Lexember 2 – *kwr [kwa] "be male" > kwo ⟨kwo⟩

Derived terms:
- *kwer [kweʁ] "man, male" > kwo ⟨kwo⟩ (pl. ɛkwo ⟨èkwo⟩)
- *kjwr [kxjuʁ] "become a man; make a man out of s.o." > xo ⟨go⟩ (pl. ɛxo ⟨ègo⟩)
- *hkwr [aɣwa] "make a man out of s.o." > ɛwo~əwo ⟨ëwo⟩

Lexember 3 – *knwr [kn̩wa] "be friendly, (be a) friend" > kʷo ⟨ḳo⟩

Derived terms:
- *knwer [kn̩weʁ] "friend" > kʷo ⟨ḳo⟩ (pl. ɛjowo~əwowo ⟨ëjowo~ëwowo⟩)
- *knhwr [kn̩hwa] "brown-nose (for some reason)" > kʷwo ⟨ḳwo⟩

Lexember 4 – *hkw (metathesized form *khw) [aɣu] "be married" > ɛːw~əːw ⟨ëw⟩

Derived terms:
- *hkew [aɣew] (pl. *rkhew [akhew]) "spouse" > ɛːw~əːw ⟨èw⟩ (pl. akiw ⟨akiw⟩)
- *khhw [kahu] "be married to (s.o.)" > kɛːwə ⟨kè:wơ⟩
- *hkjw [ak͜xju] "marry (two people)" > ɛxə ⟨ègơ⟩
- *hkjew [ak͜xjew] (pl. *rkhjew [akhjew]) "justice of the peace, minister, one who conducts marriages" > ɛxew ⟨ègew⟩ (pl. akzew ⟨akzew⟩)
- *jphkew [iβaɣew] "betrothed, fiancé(e), one engaged to be married" > ɨβɛjew~ɨβəjew ⟨ưvëyew⟩ (pl. eβɛjew~eβəjew ⟨evëyew⟩)

Lexember 5 – *hk [ax] (transitive form *hjk [hix]) "adopt, raise as one's own; vouch (for), support" > ɛː ⟨è:⟩, hɨx ⟨hưg⟩

Derived terms:
- *hek [hex] "adoptive parent; sponsor" > heː ⟨heg⟩
- *hhk [hax] "look after/raise someone's child for them/in their stead" > hɛː ⟨hèg⟩

Lexember 6 – *hrwk [hʁux] "be ashamed" > χox ⟨xog⟩

Derived terms:
- *hrwjk [hawix] "disown" > hɛwɨx ⟨hèwưg⟩
- *hrwhk [hawax] "disown (s.o.) for X reason" > hɛwox ⟨hèwog⟩

Lexember 7 – *tj [tsi] "(be a) slave" > sɨ ⟨sư⟩

Derived terms:
- *tej [tej] "slave" > ti ⟨ti⟩ (pl. aɾi ⟨ari⟩)
- *tjj [tsji] "enslave" > sɨ ⟨sư⟩ (pl. asɨ ⟨asư⟩)
- *tjej [tsjej] "slave-driver" > si ⟨si⟩ (pl. asi ⟨asi⟩)
- *htj [atsi] "raid for slaves, go to war for slaves" > ɛsɨ ⟨èsư⟩ (pl. asɨ ⟨asư⟩)
- *htjej [atsjej] "slaver, slave merchant, slave trader" > ɛsi ⟨èsi⟩ (pl. asi ⟨asi⟩)
- *htej [azej] "former slave" > ɛɾi ⟨èri⟩ (pl. aɾi ⟨ari⟩)
- *iptej [iptej] "prisoner of war" > ɨtːi ⟨ưtti⟩ (pl. etːi ⟨etti⟩)

[Pogostick Man]

O gets a sisterlang! These sound changes are preliminary. I'm not quite sure if I'm satisfied or not w.r.t. the abundance of long vowels that result. Also, how probable is a contrast between /Vw Vj/ and /Vʊ Vɪ/ (as this plays into the sound changes a bit)?

j > Ø / C_V
N̩ > an / _#
N̩ > a / else
V > Vː / in open syllables
pf ts kx > f s x
{a,e}(ː)ʁ(h) i(ː)ʁ(h) u(ː)ʁ(h) > aʊ eʊ oʊ
Vj Vw > Vɪ Vʊ / _{C,#} (creating open syllables)
aː iː uː > ɐː eː oː / _#
a(ː) i(ː) u(ː) > ɐ(ː) e(ː) o(ː) / _N

(Again, these are all by eye, not by sound-change program:)

tn̩ > tan
wa > wɐː
taɣa > taːɣɐː
jn̩ > jan
was > was
se > seː
ʁa > ʁɐː
ʁawa > ʁaːwɐː
ʁazaɣa > ʁaːzaːwɐː
ahin > aːhen
ʁawas > ʁaːwas
ʁatsje > ʁaseː
taɣaʁa > taːɣaːʁɐː
ʁajes > ʁaːjes
kn̩wa > koːwɐː
kn̩weʁ > kaːwaʊ
aɣew > aːɣeʊ
iβaɣew > iːβaːɣeʊ
atsjej > aseɪ

----

β > ʊ / near a back vowel (does not include /a(ː)/
β > b / else
n > ɾ / V_V (applies across word boundaries)
Vn > V[+nas]
S h > N ŋ / _V[+nas]
S > N / _N
Vɣ > Vːʊ
a > e / _j

tn̩ > tan > nãn
wa > wɐː > wɐː
taɣa > taːɣɐː > taːʊɐː
jn̩ > jan > jãn
was > was > was
se > seː > seː
ʁa > ʁɐː > ʁɐː
ʁawa > ʁaːwɐː > ʁaːwɐː
ʁazaɣa > ʁaːzaːwɐː > ʁaːzaːwɐː
ahin > aːhen > aːŋẽn
ʁawas > ʁaːwas > ʁaːwas
ʁatsje > ʁaseː > ʁaseː
taɣaʁa > taːɣaːʁɐː > taːʊaːʁɐː
ʁajes > ʁaːjes > ʁejes
kn̩wa > koːwɐː > koːwɐː
kn̩weʁ > kaːwaʊ > kaːwaʊ
aɣew > aːɣeʊ > aːʊeʊ
iβaɣew > iːβaːɣeʊ > iːbaːʊeʊ
atsjej > aseɪ > aseɪ

----

f s x > v z ɣ / V_V
aɪ aːɪ e(ː)ɪ eʊ iʊ aʊ eːʊ iːʊ aːʊ > e eː əɪ ø y o øː yː oː
wɐ(ː) > wo(ː)
ɐː eː oː > əɪ e o / _#
aː ɐː eː iː oː uː > ɔa̯ əɪ i aɪ u aʊ
ɐ > ə
V[+nas] > V[-nas]

tn̩ > tan > nãn > nan
wa > wɐː > wɐː > wu
taɣa > taːɣɐː > taːʊɐː > toːəɪ
jn̩ > jan > jãn > jan
was > was > was > was
se > seː > seː > se
ʁa > ʁɐː > ʁɐː > ʁəɪ
ʁawa > ʁaːwɐː > ʁaːwɐː > ʁɔa̯wəɪ
ʁazaɣa > ʁaːzaːwɐː > ʁaːzaːwɐː > ʁɔa̯zɔa̯wu
ahin > aːhen > aːŋẽn > ɔa̯ŋen
ʁawas > ʁaːwas > ʁaːwas > ʁɔa̯was
ʁatsje > ʁaseː > ʁaseː > ʁɔa̯se
taɣaʁa > taːɣaːʁɐː > taːʊaːʁɐː > tuɔa̯ʁəɪ
ʁajes > ʁaːjes > ʁejes > ʁɔa̯jes
kn̩wa > koːwɐː > koːwɐː > kuwə
kn̩weʁ > kaːwaʊ > kaːwaʊ > kɔa̯wo
aɣew > aːɣeʊ > aːʊeʊ > uø
iβaɣew > iːβaːɣeʊ > iːbaːʊeʊ > aɪbuø
atsjej > aseɪ > aseɪ > azəɪ

----

o > u / ! K_, _K
ɔa̯ > ə / {ʁ,ŋ}_
ɔa̯ > o
{ø,y} > ʏ̯ / V_
ø > e
V{j,w}V(ɪ,ʏ,ʊ) > Vː(ɪ,ʏ,ʊ)
i u > e o / ʁ_
KBG > Kʷ
ʁ > ɣ (> x / #_)
N > Ø / _#

tn̩ > tan > nãn > nan > na
wa > wɐː > wɐː > wu > wu
taɣa > taːɣɐː > taːʊɐː > toːəɪ > toːɪ
jn̩ > jan > jãn > jan > ja
was > was > was > was > was
se > seː > seː > se > se
ʁa > ʁɐː > ʁɐː > ʁəɪ > xəɪ
ʁawa > ʁaːwɐː > ʁaːwɐː > ʁɔa̯wəɪ > xəːɪ
ʁazaɣa > ʁaːzaːwɐː > ʁaːzaːwɐː > ʁɔa̯zɔa̯wu > xəzəː
ahin > aːhen > aːŋẽn > ɔa̯ŋen > əŋe
ʁawas > ʁaːwas > ʁaːwas > ʁɔa̯was > xəːs
ʁatsje > ʁaseː > ʁaseː > ʁɔa̯ze > xəze
taɣaʁa > taːɣaːʁɐː > taːʊaːʁɐː > tuɔa̯ʁəɪ > tuəɣəɪ
ʁajes > ʁaːjes > ʁejes > ʁɔa̯jes > xʷəs
ʁajes > ʁaːjes > ʁejes > ʁejes > xeːs
kn̩wa > koːwɐː > koːwɐː > kuwə > kʷə
kn̩weʁ > kaːwaʊ > kaːwaʊ > kɔa̯wo > kʷo
aɣew > aːɣeʊ > aːʊeʊ > uø > uʏ
iβaɣew > iːβaːɣeʊ > iːbaːʊeʊ > aɪbuø > aɪbuʏ
atsjej > aseɪ > aseɪ > azəɪ > azəɪ

[ObsequiousNewt]

What are you going to call it, P?

[Pogostick Man]

Final phonology and romanization of O

/m n/ ⟨m n⟩
/p t k kʷ q qʷ/ ⟨p t k ḳ q q̇⟩
/ɸ β~w s z x xʷ χ χʷ h/ ⟨f b s z g ġ x ẋ h⟩
/ɾ/ ⟨r⟩
/w j/ ⟨w y⟩

/a aː ɛ ɛː ɛ~ə ɛː~əː e eː i iː ə əː ɨ ɨː o oː u uː/ ⟨a a: è è: ë ë: e e: i i: ơ ơ: ư ư: o o: u u:⟩
/ae̯ ao̯ ei̯ ou̯/ ⟨áe áo éi óu⟩

The /ɛ~ə ɛː~əː/ are the result of the vowel shift having had different outcomes in different dialects.

I'm also thinking of adding an allophonic process wherein plosives become nasals before another nasal.

----

Numbers from Proto-O to O

*tn [tn̩] "zero" > tun ⟨tun⟩
*wr [wa] "one" > wo ⟨wo⟩
*trkh [taɣa] "two" > tɛ~tə ⟨të⟩
*jn [jn̩] "three" > jun ⟨yun⟩
*wrt [was] "four" > wos ⟨wos⟩
*tje [t͜sje] "five" > se ⟨se⟩
*rh [ʁa] "six" > a ⟨a⟩
*rhwr [ʁawa] "seven" > awo ⟨awo⟩
*rhtrkh [ʁazaɣa] "eight" > ɛɾɛ~ɛɾə ⟨èrë⟩
*rhjn [ahin] "nine" > ɛwɨn ⟨èwưn⟩
*rhwrt [rawas]"ten" > awos ⟨awos⟩
*rhtje [ratsje] "eleven" > ase ⟨ase⟩
*trkhrh [taɣaʁa] "twelve" > tɛjɛ~təje ⟨tëyè⟩

----

Plurals in O

Plurals in O typically work in one of four ways depending on the initial:

- è- is prefixed, triggering an alternation of prevocalic stops (p : v, t : r, èk : ë)
- Vocalization of uvular fricatives (x,ẋ : a)
- A change in the initial vowel (è : a, i : e, u : o, ei : ae, ou : ao)
- Either no change or an affix derived from a demonstrative for other vowel-initial words, not sure which I'll go with (number is often marked in the predicate in Proto-O)

This goes for both nouns and subject-marking on verbs. In Proto-O, the *e-infix was only used on subjects and dative/benefactives; in copular statements the predicate was treated as a verb:

PO *tej kwr "the slave is a male" (Xtej kwer) > O ti kwo (*ti kwe)
PO *rtej rkwr "the slaves are male(s)" > O èri èkwo

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Verbal argument suffixes in O

To recap the verbal suffixes of Proto-O (I've slightly modified the 3sg-nonliving affix for phonotactic reasons):

*-r 1sg
*-wn 2sg
*-h 3sg alive
*-k(e) 3sg nonliving
*-tj 1pl
*-pw 2pl
*-nk 3pl alive
*-he 3pl nonliving

When only one suffix appears (for the object), the reflexes are as follows.

Following consonants
- The 1sg and 3sg-alive suffix, having merged, are typically -è when following a consonant, triggering the same stop alternations as mentioned above with the plural (it does not vocalize uvular fricatives).
- The 2sg suffix is typically -ưn and triggers the same lenitions.
- The 3sg-nonliving affix is -ke; a preceding plosive or voiceless fricative assimilates to the -k- (sơf "strike" > ơsơkke "he struck it").
- The 1pl affix is -sư.
- The 2pl affix is -pơ (-bơ after vowels); a preceding plosive or voiceless fricative assimilates to the -p- (wonès "feed" > wonèppơ "he fed you all").
- The 3pl-alive affix is -og and triggers the same lenitions as the 1sg affix.
- The 3pl-nonliving affix is -e, but does not trigger lenition.

[Mednij]

You should make a script for this language with large characters and name it "Big O Notation".

[ObsequiousNewt]

You should make a script for this language with large characters and name it "Big O Notation".

*uproarious applause*

[Pogostick Man]

You should make a script for this language with large characters and name it "Big O Notation".

*uproarious applause*

Inspired by this I'm actually thinking about making two writing systems for O, one native and one adapted from Tim Ar (the latter more widespread and having larger letters), which will be known as "Little O" and "Big O" notation.

[Pogostick Man]

In constructing my term for Lexember 21, I've found something interesting. (Admittedly I haven't really been working too much with the languages of late and this may be obvious to some of you.)

Proto-O *krht "open the hand" has a euphemistic meaning "to die". Speaking directly of death was taboo to the Proto-O society so euphemisms such as *krht were used. In any case, *krht [kʁas] > O qas [qas]. Nothing really interesting here.

But given a root I've made up on the spot for this, say *krt [kas] "fall down" (> O kès [kɛs]), the plural form would be *rkrt [aɣas]. Given the sound changes from Proto-O to O, the plural form in O would be ës [ɛs~əs]. Something I found kind of interesting with respect to the outcomes of stems beginning in *krC or *khC.

[WeepingElf]

This is rocking cool! I like the alternations between sonorants and vowels, and the diachronics and all. Like PIE ablaut gone batshit. ROCK'N'ROLL!