Sound Change Golf

[Buran]

The idea with this game is to make a phonology quite aesthetically distinct from its ancestor with as few sound changes as possible (preferably less than 25). A general rule counts as a single change (so Grimm's Law, for example, would count as one change and not several). When you post, you can also post a new phonology for others to work from, or you can let people use the phonology you've just made with your sound changes. You don't have to use the phonology specified in the previous post; it's interesting to see what different people do with the same starting phonology.

A starting phonology:
/m n l j w r/
/p t t͡s k kʷ/
/pᵡ tᵡ t͡sᵡ q͡χ q͡χʷ/
/pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
/ɬ s x xʷ/
/i u e ə o a iː uː aː/

(C₁)V(l, r, ɬ, s)(C₂)
C₂ cannot be a fricative if preceded by /ɬ/ or /s/.

Stress is penultimate.

Sample:
t͡sᵡojuːq͡χ məsplaxt͡siː tᵡuːltᵡmarkʷʰe ɬətʰpʰaːnq͡χʷesiːx xʷəskjorapᵡwi uːkʰərpka nexʷisk aːt͡sᵡirswe

[Nannalu]

kʷ > p
pᵡ tᵡ t͡sᵡ q͡χ q͡χʷ > f s s χ f
Cʰ > CVh > CV:
Cʰ# > C
CʰV: > CVx
xʷ > f (idk if this is even possible)

Stress becomes final and /e/ and /a/ break into /ie uo/

/soyu:χ məspluoxt͡siː su:lsmuorpe: ɬətpa:nfiesi:x fəskjoruofwi u:kə:rpka niefisk a:sirswe/
*soyūḥ məspluoxcī sūlsmuorpē lətpānfiesīh̬ fəskyoruofwi ūkə̄rpka niefisk āsirswe.

[Cedh]

{t,k} tᵡ {tʰ,kʰ} → t͡s t͡sᵡ t͡sʰ / _j
{p,k} {pᵡ,q͡χ} {pʰ,kʰ} → kʷ q͡χʷ kʷʰ / _w
e ə a aː → o o ɒ ɒː / _(C){w,Cʷ}
pᵡ tᵡ t͡sᵡ → pq tq t͡sq
V₁NV₂ VN NV → V₁~ː V~ V~
l r j w → n n ɲ m /_V~, V~_
l r j w → w j Ø Ø / _V
ɬ s x xʷ → l r h ɸ / V_V
p t k kʷ → m n ɲ m / {#,V}_V~, V~_{V,#}
p t t͡s k kʷ → w l r j w / V_V
pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ kʷʰ → ɸ s s h ɸ / V_V
q q͡χ q͡χʷ → k ːk ːp
ɸ ɬ s x h l r j w → ː / V_{C,#}
V₁V₁ Və əV → V₁ː Vː Vː
VV → VʔV
iː uː eː əː oː aː ɒː → ai au iː ɨː uː eː oː
ai au → aː / _C{C,#}
i u e o → i u i u / _#
i u e o ə a ɒ → e o ʌ ʌ ʌ a a / elsewhere
Vː → V
ɨ̃ ẽ õ ə̃ ã → ĩ ĩ ũ ʌ̃ ʌ̃
ɬ x xʷ → l h ɸ
Cʷ Cʰ → C
p → k / _w
p t t͡s k → h s s h / _[+plosive]

/p t t͡s k ʔ/
/ɸ s h/
/m n ɲ/
/l r j w/
/i ɨ u e ʌ o a/
/ai au/
/ĩ ũ ʌ̃/

(s)C(w,j)V(h,N) in non-final syllables
(s)C(w,j)V(p,t,k,m,n,ɲ) in final syllables

Stress is penultimate

[skʌʔak ʌ̃skwet͡se skaskʌ̃ŋki lʌspũmpʌrai ɸɨt͡sʌjahkwi auhɨhka ũɸak eskaswi]
*skəʔak ąskwetse skaskąnki ləspųmpərai hwıtsəyahkwi auhıhka ųhwak eskaswi.

[Max1461]

/m n l j w r/
/p t t͡s k kʷ/
/pᵡ tᵡ t͡sᵡ q͡χ q͡χʷ/
/pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
/ɬ s x xʷ/
/i u e ə o a iː uː aː/

(C₁)V(l, r, ɬ, s)(C₂)
C₂ cannot be a fricative if preceded by /ɬ/ or /s/.

kʷ qχʷ kʷʰ xʷ > k qχ kʰ x / _u(ː), _o, _w - boukólos rule (kind of).
V > [+vowel, +back, +rounding] / Cʷ_
pᵡ tᵡ t͡sᵡ > pˣ tˣ tsˣ > pʰ tʰ tsʰ - don't know if this counts as one change or two.
qχ > q
ɬ s > h / _[+consonant, -voice]
x > h
ɬ s > l r / _[+consonant, +voice], V_V
hC > Cʰ
rt rtʰ rts rtsʰ rs rl rn> ʈ ʈʰ ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʂ ɭ ɳ
l r > o a / _C
pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tsʰ ʈʂʰ kʰ p t ʈ ts ʈʂ k q > p t ʈ ts ʈʂ k b d ɖʐ dz ɖ g ɢ
e o > ai au - diphthongization.
ɬ > θ > s


13-15 changes total, here's the result:

/p t ʈ ts ʈʂ k/ <p t rt c rc k>
/b d ɖ dz ɖʐ g ɢ/ <b d rd z rz g qg>
/s ʂ h/ <s rs h>
/l r j w/ <r l y w>
/m n/ <m n>
/i u ə a iː uː aː/ <i u e a ii uu aa>

Sample:
/tsaujuːɢ məplatsiː tuːautmaːkau sətpaːnɢausiːh haukjaurapwi uːkəabga naihuk aːtsiʂwai/
Cauyuuqg meplacii tuuautmaakau setpaanqgausiih haukyaurapwi uukeabga naihuk aacirswai.

[Nortaneous]

/m n l j w r/
/p t t͡s k kʷ/
/pᵡ tᵡ t͡sᵡ q͡χ q͡χʷ/
/pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
/ɬ s x xʷ/
/i u e ə o a iː uː aː/

(C₁)V(l, r, ɬ, s)(C₂)
C₂ cannot be a fricative if preceded by /ɬ/ or /s/.

Stress is penultimate.

Sample:
t͡sᵡojuːq͡χ məsplaxt͡siː tᵡuːltᵡmarkʷʰe ɬətʰpʰaːnq͡χʷesiːx xʷəskjorapᵡwi uːkʰərpka nexʷisk aːt͡sᵡirswe

i i: > ə əː / ts(ᵡ ʰ)_
CᵡV Cᵡ{C #} > CVˤ C{C #}
ts tsʰ > s h
eˤ iˤ i:ˤ > æˤ eˤ eːˤ
x xʷ q͡χ q͡χʷ> h hʷ ʔ ʔʷ
e i > ø y / {Cʷ w}_
P > B / {V C[+voice]}_{V C[+voice]}
s > 0 / _P
Stress shifts to the rightmost long vowel, or the penultimate syllable otherwise.
a[-stress] o[-stress] aˤ[-stress] oˤ[-stress] > ə ə oˤ oˤ
C1C2C3 > C1C3 (unless C2 = C3)
P1P2 {RF}1F2 R1N2 > P2: F2: N2: (unless F1 is /h/)
aˤ a:ˤ æˤ æ:ˤ e e: eˤ e:ˤ o o: oˤ oˤ: u u: uˤ uˤ: > a aː ɔ ɔː æ æː je jeː e eː ø øː o oː y yː u uː
je ø y > e e i in unstressed syllables
ə(:)[+stress] > o(:) / Cʷ_ P_ K_, a(:) otherwise
Vh > V: / _C
l > j / _C
ɬ Kj > ʃ SH, SHj > SH
V[-stress] > 0 / (#)(C)_CV N_P
NP > B
hʷ ʔʷ kʷ > w p p
pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ > h s ʃ h


'ʃy:ʔ bjaː'saː 'tu:mmərkʰø ʃəhhaːnʔø'si: wətʃ'rapy 'y:hərkka 'newyk 'a:sessø

<Šyyʔ bjasaa tuummarhö šahhaanʔösii wačrapy yyharkka newyk aasessö.>

[Alces]

Code: Select all

1. p t t͡s k kʷ x xʷ > b d d͡z g gʷ ɣ ɣʷ ^ _[-voice]
2. pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ kʷʰ > p t t͡s k kʷ
3. pᵡ tᵡ t͡sᵡ q͡χ q͡χʷ > pk tk t͡sx χ χʷ > ɋ ʗ t͡ʃ h hʷ
4. j > ∅ / [+consonantal]_
   j > d͡ʒ
5. e o ə > i u a (stressed)
   e o a > ə (unstressed)
6. ɬ s ɣ ɣʷ > h / _[+consonantal], _#
7. ɣ ɣʷ > ɰ w
8. iː uː aː > io̯ uo̯ ao̯ / _[LABIAL], _[+rounded]
   iː uː aː > ie̯ ue̯ ae̯
   gʷ hʷ kʷ xʷ ɰ > g h k x w
9. i u, a > io̯ uo̯ ao̯ / _l
   i u, a > ie̯ ue̯ ae̯ / _r
   l r > ∅ / _[+consonantal]
10. [-consonantal] > [+long] / _h
    h > ∅
    e̯ː, o̯ː > e̯j o̯w
11. əː > a
12. ie̯ io̯ > ia̯ / _#
    ue̯ uo̯ > ua̯ / _#

/m n l w r/ <m n l w r>
/p t t͡s t͡ʃ k/ <p t c č k>
/b d d͡z d͡ʒ g/ <b d j ǰ g>
/ɬ s/ <ƚ s>
/ɋ ʗ/ <q x>
/i iː u uː a~ə aː~a ie̯ ie̯j ue̯ ue̯j ae̯ ae̯j io̯ io̯w uo̯ uo̯w ao̯ ao̯w/ <i í u ú a á ie iei ue ae aei io iou uo uou ao aou>

(C₁)V(C₂)

Allophony:
/a~ə aː~a/ are [a aː] when stressed, [ə a] when unstressed
/e̯ o̯/ offglides merge as /a̯/ word-finally (and are written accordingly)

Stress is penultimate.

Sample:
/t͡ʃud͡ʒue̯j mablaːd͡zie̯ ʗue̯ʗmae̯kə ɬətpae̯nisie̯j wagəraɋwi ue̯kae̯bga niwiːk ae̯t͡ʃie̯jwə/
Čuǰuei máblájia xuexmaeka ƚatpaenisiei wágaraqwi uekaebga niwík aečieiwa.

[Daedolon]

• kʷ > p
  pᵡ tᵡ t͡sᵡ q͡χ q͡χʷ > f s s χ f
  Cʰ > CVh > CV:
  Cʰ# > C
  CʰV: > CVx
  xʷ > f (idk if this is even possible)
  
  Stress becomes final and /e/ and /a/ break into /ie uo/
  
  /soyu:χ məspluoxt͡siː su:lsmuorpe: ɬətpa:nfiesi:x fəskjoruofwi u:kə:rpka niefisk a:sirswe/
  *soyūḥ məspluoxcī sūlsmuorpē lətpānfiesīh̬ fəskyoruofwi ūkə̄rpka niefisk āsirswe.

t͡s > s
χ x > h
ɬ> s
p t k f s > b d g v z/{# V}_V

ə əː > a aː
i u > j w/C_V
wj > vi

P1P2 > P2P2 (Plosive)
F1F2 > F2F2 (Fricative)


/m n/ <m n>
/p b t d k g/ <p b t d c g>
/f v s z h/ < f v s z h>
/l j w r/ <l j w r>

/i u e o a/ <i u e o a>
/iː uː eː oː aː/ <í ú é ó á>

/zojuːh masplwossiː zuːlsmworpeː zappwohnfjeziːh vaskjorwofwi uːgaːrkkwo njevisk aːzirvvie/
<zojúh masplwossí zúlsmworpé zappwohnfjezíh vascjorwofwi úgárccwo njevisc ázirvvie >

Edited

[Max1461]

p t k > b d g
pʰ tʰ kʰ > p t k

Seems like Nannalu totally eliminated the aspirated series with this set of changes:

Cʰ > CVh > CV:
Cʰ# > C
CʰV: > CVx

So, continuing from there, this'll leave you with just the voiced series and no voiceless.

[Daedolon]

p t k > b d g
pʰ tʰ kʰ > p t k

Seems like Nannalu totally eliminated the aspirated series with this set of changes:

Cʰ > CVh > CV:
Cʰ# > C
CʰV: > CVx

So, continuing from there, this'll leave you with just the voiced series and no voiceless.

Cʰ# > C
I though it meant word end, not syllable end. Then yeah, you are right.

[Bristel]

Well, actually, I think # is word-final, and $ is syllable-final?

Code: Select all

/m n/ <m n>
/p b t d k g/ <p b t d c g>
/f v s z h/ < f v s z h>
/l j w r/ <l j w r>

/i u e o a/ <i u e o a>
/iː uː eː oː aː/ <í ú é ó á>

/zojuːh masplwossiː zuːlsmworpeː zappwohnfjeziːh vaskjorwofwi uːgaːrkkwo njevisk aːzirvvie/
<zojúh masplwossí zúlsmworpé zappwohnfjezíh vascjorwofwi úgárccwo njevisc ázirvvie >

h → ∅ /_$, V_C
z → ts /_i,iː
Cː → C/_
skj → ʃ/_
sk → x/_
p → f/_
Cj → Cʲ /_
w →∅ /C_
/ə/ inserted into consonant clusters CCC → CCəC
unstressed vowels /i u e o a/ → /ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ ə/
stress is penultimate

/m n/ <m n>
/b t d k g/ <b t d c g>
/f v s z ʃ x h/ <f v s z sky sk h>
/ts/ <z>
/l j r w/ <l y r w>
consonants that are palatalized are written <Cy>

/i u e o a/ <i u e o a>
/ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ ə/ <i u e o a>
/iː uː eː oː aː/ <ī ū ē ō ā>

Zoyū masfalosyī zūlsamorfē zafonfyezī vascyorofyi ūgārko nyevyisk āzirvyie.
/Zɔjuː masfəlɔsʲiː zuːlsəmɔrfeː zafonfʲɛtsiː vaʃorɔfʲi uːgaːrko nʲɛvʲix aːtsɪrvʲie/

[KathTheDragon]

Well, actually, I think # is word-final, and $ is syllable-final?

In my understanding, # indicates a word boundary, and $ a syllable boundary.

[Max1461]

My bad. As I recall, # does mean word boundary, and syllable boundaries are $. The sound changes in question would have left aspirated stops solely in a V_C environment, which seemed odd, so I guess I assumed it meant syllable boundary without really thinking.

[Pole, the]

My bad. As I recall, # does mean word boundary, and syllable boundaries are $. The sound changes in question would have left aspirated stops solely in a V_C environment, which seemed odd, so I guess I assumed it meant syllable boundary without really thinking.

Wouldn't Cʰ > CVh > CV: delete the aspirates in that environment as well?

[Max1461]

I guess it would... which brings me back to my original point, the aspirated series was eliminated entirely

[Nortaneous]

Code: Select all

tsᵡojuːqχ   məsplaxtsiː  tᵡuːltᵡmarkʷʰe ɬətʰpʰaːnqχʷesiːx  xʷəskjorapᵡwi uːkʰərpka  nexʷisk aːtsᵡirswe
soyu:χ      məspluoxtsiː su:lsmuorpe:   ɬətpa:nfiesi:x     fəskjoruofwi  u:kə:rpka  niefisk a:sirswe   (Nannalu) 
skʌʔak      ʌ̃skwetse     skaskʌ̃ŋki      lʌspũmpʌrai        ɸɨtsʌjahkwi   auhɨhka    ũɸak    eskaswi    (cedh)
tsaujuːɢ    məplatsiː    tuːautmaːkau   sətpaːnɢausiːh     haukjaurapwi  uːkəabga   naihuk  aːtsiʂwai  (Max1461)
'ʃy:ʔ       bjaː'saː     'tu:mmərkʰø    ʃəhhaːnʔø'si:      wətʃ'rapy     'y:hərkkə  'newyk  'a:sessø   (me)
tʃudʒue̯j    mablaːdzie̯   ʗue̯ʗmae̯kə      ɬətpae̯nisie̯j       wagəraɋwi     ue̯kae̯bga   niwiːk  ae̯tʃie̯jwə  (Alces)
zojuːh      masplwossiː  zuːlsmworpeː   zappwohnfjeziːh    vaskjorwofwi  uːgaːrkkwo njevisk aːzirvvie  (Daedalon)
zɔjuː       masfəlɔsʲiː  zuːlsəmɔrfeː   zafonfʲɛtsiː       vaʃorɔfʲi     uːgaːrko   nʲɛvʲix aːtsɪrvʲie (Bristel)

[Nortaneous]

New sample:

ˈdzerɨ kaˈparenis baˈgulim qaduˈmardzu tɨˈxorti. baˈguli uŋkaˈpariʁ ˈdzeram daqaˈbamdzɨ da nɨ dʒaʁ. eʁ baˈɗɨw ɗem ˈhatu ʃɨt ʃa ɗem haqʃi ˈʁarɨ.

[opipik]

1. Devoicing of final voiced consonants.
2. Stress moves to the 1st syllable.
3. /ɨ/ rounds to /ʉ/.
4. Unstressed vowels are articulated closer to /ə/ with the exception of /u/, which is now /ə/.
5. Vowels affect the consonants: /i/ and /ɛ/ render them palatal or palatalize them, /ʉ/, /u/ and /o/ labialize them. Other vowels do nothing.
6. Deletion of word-final unstressed vowels.
7. Consonant clusters are now closer at the table, for example /qʃ/ is now /cç/ before palatalizing vowels and /kx/ between labializing vowels.

The result is:
[ˈdʒɛrʷ ˈkapɐɽʲɛɲɪs ˈbagəʎɪm ˈqadəmɐrdzʷ ˈtʷʉxʷorc. ˈbagəʎ ˈuŋkɐpɐɽʲɪχ ˈdʒɛrɐm ˈdaqɐbamdzʷ da nʷ dʒaχ. ʲɛχ ˈbadʷ ɟɛm ˈhatʷ ʃʷʉt ʃa ɟem ˈhacç ˈʁarʷ.]

[xroox]

[ˈdʒɛrʷ ˈkapɐɽʲɛɲɪs ˈbagəʎɪm ˈqadəmɐrdzʷ ˈtʷʉxʷorc. ˈbagəʎ ˈuŋkɐpɐɽʲɪχ ˈdʒɛrɐm ˈdaqɐbamdzʷ da nʷ dʒaχ. ʲɛχ ˈbadʷ ɟɛm ˈhatʷ ʃʷʉt ʃa ɟem ˈhacç ˈʁarʷ.]

Metathesis of rounding in word edge as a ʊ. nʷ>m
Deletion of ə.
ˈCVCVCV>ˈCVCCV
Metathesis of contiguous consonants so the less sonorant comes second (PL>LP, PN>NP, NL>LN)
Nasals assimilate to a following plosive.
Palatalized liquids merge to j.
xʷ>f
ʷʉ>u

[ˈdʒɛʊr ˈkapjɛɲɪs ˈbajgɪm ˈqandɐʊrd͡z ˈtuforc. ˈbajg ˈuŋkɐpɐjɪχ ˈdʒɛrɐm ˈdaqbaʊnd͡z da m dʒaχ. jɛχ ˈbaʊd ɟɛm ˈhaʊt ʃut ʃa ɟem ˈhac͡ç ˈʁaʊr.]

[Nortaneous]

hm

ˈdzerɨ kaˈparenis baˈgulim qaduˈmardzu tɨˈxorti. baˈguli uŋkaˈpariʁ ˈdzeram daqaˈbamdzɨ da nɨ dʒaʁ. eʁ baˈɗɨw ɗem ˈhatu ʃɨt ʃa ɗem haqʃi ˈʁarɨ.

ɨ > u, uw > u
implosives > m ʎ
stress moves to the first syllable of the root, but the accent of the word stays -- leaving two pitch accents. (the protolang probably has two contrasting word-level pitch contours, but that's not written here since I haven't gotten around to writing that down yet. the contrast is preserved, but this only leaves three possibilities, since pitch contours are connected to stress.) call first syllable stress 'acute' and other 'grave'.
word-final m > ŋ
i u > ja wa / _[+uvular]
ʁ > ŋ / a_{C #}, why not, then it disappears in all other codas
ʁ > ɣ
final stop/fricative devoicing
[+palatal] and [+round] spread to consonants from high vowels, Cj Cw absorption.
loss of unstressed final vowels and even-numbered vowels in VC_CV -- monosyllables and polysyllables have separate pitch contours so this takes a fourth, and then merges into the grave accent.
ʎ > j
ɣw > w, Vw > Vu
[+palatal]/[+round] features ejected as diphthongs onto previous vowels
voicing assimilation, nasal place assimilation, r{P F}[-voice] > sh
affricates merge into fricatives except after nasals

zéur kàpreɲis bàuiliŋ qáudmaurz túxoiʃt. bàwui ùŋkaipraŋ zéraŋ qádbaundz dâ ndʒàŋ. ê bàui jêŋ háut ʃût ʃâ jêŋ háiqʃ ɣáur.
[writing original monosyllables with circumflex]

Zéur kapreñis bauiling qáudmaurz túkhoisht. Bawui umkaiprang zérang qádbaundz da nzhang. E baui yeng háut shut sha yeng háiqsh gháur.

----------- or

ɨ > u, uw > u
implosives > m ʎ
stress moves to the first syllable of the root, but the accent of the word stays -- leaving two pitch accents. (the protolang probably has two contrasting word-level pitch contours, but that's not written here since I haven't gotten around to writing that down yet. the contrast is preserved, but this only leaves three possibilities, since pitch contours are connected to stress.) call first syllable stress 'acute' and other 'grave'.
word-final m > ŋ
i u > ja wa / _[+uvular]
ʁ > ŋ / a_{C #}, why not, then it disappears in all other codas
ʁ > ɣ
final stop/fricative devoicing
[+palatal] and [+round] spread to consonants from high vowels, Cj Cw absorption.
loss of unstressed final vowels and even-numbered vowels in VC_CV -- monosyllables and polysyllables have separate pitch contours so this takes a fourth, and then merges into the grave accent.
ʎ > j
ɣw > w, Vw > Vu
[+palatal]/[+round] features ejected as diphthongs onto previous vowels
voicing assimilation, nasal place assimilation, r{P F}[-voice] > sh
affricates merge into fricatives except after nasals
can't have two diphthongs in adjacent syllables -- second one collapses
first element of non-{FP NP RP PF[-voice] PR} cluster drops
Pr Fr > tS dZ S Z

zéur kàtʃeɲis bàuiliŋ qáumoʒ túxoiʃt. bàwui ùŋkaitʃaŋ zéraŋ qábaundz dâ ndʒàŋ. ê bàui jêŋ háut ʃût ʃâ jêŋ háiqʃ ɣáur.
[writing original monosyllables with circumflex]

Zéur kacheñis bauiling qáumoz túkhoisht. Bawui umkaichang zérang qábaundz da njang. E baui yeng háut shut sha yeng háiqsh gháur.

[opipik]

[ˈdʒɛʊr ˈkapjɛɲɪs ˈbajgɪm ˈqandɐʊrd͡z ˈtuforc. ˈbajg ˈuŋkɐpɐjɪχ ˈdʒɛrɐm ˈdaqbaʊnd͡z da m dʒaχ. jɛχ ˈbaʊd ɟɛm ˈhaʊt ʃut ʃa ɟem ˈhac͡ç ˈʁaʊr.]
1. Vr change to V˞.
2. VN change to Ṽ.
3. Uvulars change to velars.
4. Sequences of jC or Cj change to corresponding palatal or palatalized consonant.
5. Monophthongization of diphthongs.
6. Linguolabial consonants change to bilabial consonants.
Have I missed something?
[ˈdʑɵ̜ː˞ ˈkapʲeɲis ˈbaɟĩ ˈk͜xɑndʌː˞d͡z ˈtuɸo˞c. ˈbaɟ ˈuŋkɐpʲix ˈdʑerɐ̃ ˈdaɡbʌ̃ːd͡z da m dʒax. jex ˈbʌːd ɟem ˈhʌːt ʃut ʃa ɟem ˈhac͡ç ˈɣʌː˞.]

[Buran]

A new phonology:

/m mː n nː/
/p pː t tː k kː s sː/
/w wː l lː j jː r rː/
/i e o a/

C(V)(V)

Stress is conveyed by high pitch, and falls on the penultimate vowel. Consonants are either lenis (short) or fortis (long). Fortis consonants gain a non-phonemic [ə] between themselves and adjacent consonants or word boundaries, e.g. /kːa/ > [ə̆ˈkːa], /akː/ > [ˈakːə̆], /tkː/ > [tə̆kːə̆]. This epenthetic schwa is not counted when determining stress placement.

Sample:

tə̆mːoakːi ə̆sːeapə̆nːə̆ ə̆pːoitːasati rilə̆tːowːa ə̆kːosi weonə̆sːorːietoo ə̆wːaajːeakee ə̆lːap:i solə̆jːoina ə̆rːeetːii

[xroox]

Schwas followed by a labial consonant become u, followed by a alveolar become i, a elsewhere
Single obstruents become voiced, geminates become simple voiceless, except at word boundary
Diphthong formation: oa>wa, ea>ja, oi>wi, ie>je
A glide is deleted if following another glide
r>ɾ, rː>r except word boundaries
geminate sonorants merge with single ones. The preceding vowel becomes long
w folllowing labial is deleted
Haplology: if two identical syllables one is deleted
si>ʃi, sj>ʃ, ti>t͡ʃi, tj>t͡ʃ, ki>t͡ʃi, gi>d͡ʒi, zi>ʒi, ni>ɲi, li, ri>ji
CVːCV>CVːC
Stress becomes fixed on the last syllable, unless a long vowel occurs in the penultimate. alternate vowels counting to the left receive secondary stress
Short unstressed vowels are deleted
Sample:
ˈ̠tuːmt͡ʃi iʃˈbiːn uptazˈt͡ʃi jiˈtoːw akˈʒi woɲsojˈdoː uːwaːjˈgeː ˈiːlpi soˈjiːn ireːˈt͡ʃiː
tə̆mːoakːi ə̆sːeapə̆nːə̆ ə̆pːoitːasati rilə̆tːowːa ə̆kːosi weonə̆sːorːietoo ə̆wːaajːeakee ə̆lːap:i solə̆jːoina ə̆rːeetːii

[communistplot]

Fortis plosives Pj pj tj kj pɕ tɕ kɕ
Fortis Nasals Nj ɲ
s sː{ z ɕ / V_V } { s̻ s }
lː rː lj rj ʎ ʑ
jː dj dʑ
wː { ɡʷ gv / #_ } { β }

ə̆ phonemic a / #_, _#, #C_C otherwise 0
i e j / _V
u o w / _V
V{i u} V{j w}
aV a
V[a place]V[a place] Vː
w j 0 / C[+palatal]_
wu wo u o
ji je i e
V 0 / V[+tone]__ except if in closed syllable

Sample:

tə̆mːoakːi ə̆sːeapə̆nːə̆ ə̆pːoitːasati rilə̆tːowːa ə̆kːosi weonə̆sːorːietoo ə̆wːaajːeakee ə̆lːap:i solə̆jːoina ə̆rːeetːii



taɲakɕ asjapaɲ apɕwitɕasat riltɕoβ akɕos wonɕoʑet agvadʑakeː aʎapɕ soldʑina aʑeːtɕiː

Nueva fonología!!!

m n̻ ŋ ɴ
p t̻ t͡s̻ k q
s̻
ɾ̻ w

i u a

Syllables are (C)V

ŋakina ŋakana t̻ukuqu ɾ̻akina ɾ̻akana waquɾ̻aqu na kus̻u i wati, s̻u kakiqu waɾ̻at̻i na kus̻u i wat̻ut̻i ai

[xroox]

s>ʃ
t͡s>s
ki>t͡ʃi
ti, tu>t͡si, t͡su
Intervocalic obstruents become voiced
CVCV>CVVC
CVCVCV>CVCCV
C1C2(nas)>C2C1
C1C2(-nas)>C1C1
au>o, ai>e
#ŋV>#Ṽ
NC(-sonorant,p.a)>N(p.a)
C1C1>C1
ɢ>g
C1(-sonorant)C2(+sonorant)>C2C1
ɾ>l
a#>ə>∅ except monosyllabic words
ɲ#>in, ŋ#>un
l>u in coda
voiced obstruents become voiceless in word end
n>∅ in coda, nasalizing the preceding vowel
l>n/_Ṽ
nasalization in vowels is lost
V1V1>V1

ai au t͡sugu nai nau wougok na kuʃ i wet͡s, ʃu kad͡ʒu waud͡zi na kuʃ i wad͡zi e

ŋakina ŋakana t̻ukuqu ɾ̻akina ɾ̻akana waquɾ̻aqu na kus̻u i wati, s̻u kakiqu waɾ̻at̻i na kus̻u i wat̻ut̻i ai

[opipik]

Laminalization is lost.
/q/ changes to /ʔ/.
Vowels are nasalized before nasals.
/n/ disappears, leaving nasalization behind. As a result, /ŋ/ fronts to /n/ and /ɴ/ fronts to /ŋ/.
/ʔ/ disappears.
/VV/ > /Vː/
/ai/,/ia/>/ɛ/; /au/,/ua/ > /ɔ/; /iu/,/ui/ > /y/
/ɾ/ > /ð̞/, /VtV/ > /VɾV/
/ɾ/ > /ʡ̆/ > / /
/ai/,/ia/>/ɛ/; /au/,/ua/ > /ɔ/; /iu/,/ui/ > /y/
/ɔi/,/iɔ/ > /ɘ/
/Vð̞V/ > /VV/
/aɛ/,/ɛa/ > /æ/
/VkV/ > /VŋV/
/VŋV/ > /ṼV/
/ay/,/ya/ > /ø/
/VsV/ > /V̟V/
/CV̟/ > /CʰV/
/Ṽ/ > /Vn/
/ð̞/ > /v/

/m n ŋ /
/p pʰ t tʰ t͡s tsʰ k kʰ/
/s/
/ɾ w/

/i u a æ ɔ ə ø ɛ/

Syllables are (C)V

/ŋakina ŋakana t̻ukuqu ɾ̻akina ɾ̻akana waquɾ̻aqu na kus̻u i wati, s̻u kakiqu waɾ̻at̻i na kus̻u i wat̻ut̻i ai/ > /næn naːn tuːn væn vaːn wɔː a kʰuː i wæ, su køn wæ a kʰuː i wə ɛn/