Gtáisk (PIE Basque)

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Daedolon
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Gtáisk (PIE Basque)

Post by Daedolon »

Gtáisk is a PIE conlang based around Gianfranco Forni's hypothesis that Basque is a Indo-european language, using the sound changes designed by him to demonstrate not only the "connection" between PIE and Basque, but how Basque is the missing link between the Italic and Celtic branches of PIE. I did this once in the past but I lost the sound changes and Mr. Forni has update his theory since then.

So, the sound changes, while they are based on Mr. Forni's theory, I, however, added and changed some rules to fix some issues I found had with it.

From PIE to Proto-Basque

According to Mr. Forni, sets 1 and 3 through 8 are in chronological order but 2 and 9 through 16 are arranged in this order due convention based on current evidence or something.
More: show
Set 1 Laryngeals

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h₁(e) > e
h₁o- > o-
-Vh₁(-) > -V(-)
h₁ h₄ > a
h₂(e) > a
eh₂ > a
ehₐ > a
uh₂ > u
h₂ehₓ > a
h₃(e/o) > o
hₓ > o // my change
Set 2 Loss of *m and syllabic *m

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m > 0
    EXCEPTION: -m- > -u- //Forni doesn't know what conditions triggers this, so I made it happen when between consonants, might need a better condition.
    EXCEPTION: -mm- -nm- > -m-
-m̥ > -u
-m̥- > -am-
Mr. Forni talks that the loss of *m might have had an intermediate stage similar to the synchronic lenition of /m/ to [v] in Breton.

Set 3 *o > *u merger

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o, ō > u ū
    EXCEPTION: Accented *o and *ō don't merge. // I also made that *o and *ō in the first syllable are not affected as well.
Set 4 Assibilation of dentals stops before *u

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tu, du, dʰu > tsu
Forni wrote: Compare Ancient Greek s- < PIE *tw-, Japanese tsu < Old Japanese tu
Set 5 Anaptyxis

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CC- > CVC- //Since Forni realy doesn't talk about what vowel is inserted here, I made it that it assimilates the vowel in next syllable, or *a in case of none.
Set 6 Word-initial voiceless plosives become aspirated

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p-, t-, ḱ-, k- > pʰ-, tʰ-, ḱʰ-, kʰ-
Set 7 Word-initial aspirated plosives debuccalize to h

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bʰ-, dʰ-, gʰ-, ǵʰ- > h
    EXCEPTION: ǵʰC- > gC-
pʰ-, tʰ-, ḱʰ-, kʰ- > h
    EXCEPTION: gʷʰ- > g-
forni wrote: This set of sound laws does not apply to verb roots: any consonant can occur in root-initial position in verbs, because both finite and non-finite verb forms always have one or more prefixes before the root. Since root-initial plosives were never word-initial in verbs, they follow rule set 10.
Set 8 Some word-initial unaspirated plosives become aspirated

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b-, d-, ǵ-, g-, > b- ð-, ɣ-, g-
Set 9 word-initial labialized obstruents become labials

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kʷ-, gʷ-, dw-, sw- > b-
    EXCEPTION: swVr- > sVrw-
Mr. Forni says that, gʷ- > b- is shared with Celtic, and kʷ- > b- resembles Brittonic kʷ- > p-.

Set 10 Bunch of changes to non-initial plosives

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-bʰ- > -b-
-p- > -0-
    EXCEPTION: -ph₃- > -b-
-d- > -ð- [i]near[/i] *e, *i
-d- > -d- [i]near[/i] *o, *u
-dʰ- > -θ- [i]near[/i] *i
-dʰ- > -d- [i]elsewhere[/i]
-t- > -t-
-g- > -ɣ-
-gʷʰ- > -g-
-ǵ- > -g-
-ǵʰ- > -k-
-ḱ- > -h-
-kʷ- > -b-
-gʷ- > -b- //mine
According to Mr. Forni, -bʰ- > -b-, -p- > -0- and -ph₃ are shared with Celtic.

Set 11 Bunch of changes to sibilants

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(-)s- > (-)s-
-Cs > -Cs
-Vs > -V
Set 12 Bunch of changes to *n

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n > n
n̥- > en-
-n̥- > -in-
-ng- > -n-
Set 13 Bunch of changes to liquids

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-r- > -r-
(-)r̥- > -ra-
-r > -l
l > l
l̥ > lu
Mr. Forni says that, (-)r̥- > -ra-, is shared with Celtic.

Set 13 Bunch of changes to glides

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w > w
    Exception: -wuC- > -uC-
y > g
Set 15 Bunch of changes to consonant clusters

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-kr- > -rk
-rk- > -rr-
-RǵʰuV- > -RgʷV- / -RgwV- > -RbV-
-Vkt-, -Vḱt- > -Vits
-Vks > -Vis
(-)st > (-)s- [i]in pre-tonic position[/i]
(-)st > (-)st- [i]in post-tonic position[/i]
-sdʰ- > -st-
-sd- > -s-
-dt- > -s-
-ns- > -s-
-sr > -rr
-tr- > -rr-
-ndr- > -rr-
-ksl- > -ll-
-ksn- > -nn-
ǵn- > gn-
-tsk- > -sk-
-dgn- > -nn-
According to Mr. Forni -dt- > -s-, (-)st- > (-)s- and -ksl- >-ll- are shared with Celtic.

Set 16 Bunch of changes to vowels

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a > a
e > e
    Exception: er, ēr > ar [i]in closed syllables[/i]
    Exception: en > an
    Exception: (-)el- > (-)al-
    Exception: -el > -il
ei > e
i > i
-on- > -an- [i]when unaccented[/i]
ū > eu [i]when accented[/i]
ū > au [i]when unaccented[/i]
From Proto-Basque to Pre-Basque
More: show
Set 17 Loss of approximants

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h > 0
ð > 0
(-)ɣ- > -0-
    Exception: -θ- > -z-
This is where I, mostly, depart from Mr. Forni's sound changes, rule sets 18 and 19 seek to divide the sibilants into laminal and apical which I won't follow.

Set 20 w > g

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uV > wV
w > g
Set 21 Voicing of intervocalic obstruents

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Vt͡sV VtV VkV VsV > Vd͡zV VdV VgV VzV // modified, the original affected only plosives
    Exception: Vt͡sV VtV VkV VsV > Vt͡sV VtV VkV VsV in pre-tonic position //modified, the original affected only t and in unknown conditions.
Set 22 Bunch of changes to Vowels

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a- > i- [i]in pre-tonic position[/i]
-V > -0 [i]in words with three or more syllables[/i]
e- > 0- [i]in pre-tonic position[/i]
Vu > V
yei- > i-
-eo > -o
Set 22 Bunch of changes to Consonants

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-nt- > -nd-
-rs- > -z- //modified
-rst(-) > -rd͡z(-) //modified
-gs > d͡z // modified
-gst- > d͡z // modified
-rk- > -rg-
-rw- > -rr(-)
-ly- > -rr-
-nl- > -ll-
-ngl- > -ll-
-lC- > -ll-
-mm- > -m-
Set 23 final fixes

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aa ee ii oo uu > ā ē ī ō ū
aá eé ií oó uú > â ê î ô û
áa ée íi óo úu > â ê î ô û

i u > j w/_V OR V_
e o > j w/_V OR V_

j w > i u/{C #}_{C #}
r l m n > ro lo mo no/{C #}_{C #} NOT _{m n j w r l} OR {m n j w r l}_
C > Co/C_C{C #} OR {C #}C_C NOT _{m n j w r l} OR {m n j w r l}_
And that's it folks, If I did everything correctly, the final phoneme inventory should be something like this:

/m n/
/b t d k g/
/t͡s d͡z/
/s z/
/j (w) r l/

Quickly running Schleicher's Fable through the sound changes (not making any grammatical or lexical changes here)
More: show

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/jógi êsb 
  braê jógi, bésgu galané ne est, és sêjt, ojnu e bra gógu gégunt͡su ojnub éga óru, ojnub ánu ô érunt͡su.
jógi t͡su eggibu gebét:
- "îl inutól oj és águnt͡su inéru gīndé."
ége t͡su gebónd:
- uluzí, jóge, îl e inutól sé gīndbó. inîl, ódi, ággu il gllaná sebi branéd nu éru gésrru négi ággu gllaná ésti. ód lugô jógi ágru gét/
Same deal for numbers, from one to ten:

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ójnu, ogô, rége, betgóre, ánbe, segés, set͡sú, otôg, négin, éamt
Next: verbs
Last edited by Daedolon on Fri Feb 24, 2017 3:28 pm, edited 1 time in total.

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Arzena
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Re: Gtáisk (PIE Basque)

Post by Arzena »

B a s q u e m o n k s
A New Yorker wrote:Isn't it sort of a relief to talk about the English Premier League instead of the sad state of publishing?
Abi wrote:At this point it seems pretty apparent that PIE was simply an ancient esperanto gone awry.
Shtåså, Empotle7á, Neire Wippwo

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alice
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Re: Gtáisk (PIE Basque)

Post by alice »

Nylandism in reverse; an interesting idea. I didn't know /n/ was a sibilant though (set 12); is that a peculiarity of Basque?
Zompist's Markov generator wrote:it was labelled" orange marmalade," but that is unutterably hideous.

Daedolon
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Re: Gtáisk (PIE Basque)

Post by Daedolon »

alice wrote:Nylandism in reverse; an interesting idea. I didn't know /n/ was a sibilant though (set 12); is that a peculiarity of Basque?
Oops, I fixed it now.


Verbs

So, Gtáisk has a fairly simple verbal system when compared to other IE languages like Latin, Greek or Sanskrit. The categories marked by the Gtáisk verb were as following:

Two tenses: the past and non-past.
Two Aspects: Perfective and Imperfective
Three persons: first, second and third.
Two numbers: singular and plural.
Four moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional and imperative.
One voice: active.
Four non-finites : Past and Non-past, participles and infinitives.

The perfect and aorist have merged.
The original subjunctive became a conditional and the optative took its place.
The PIE mediopassive voice disappeared entirely except for the new subjunctive which is based on the mediopassive original optative.
An imperfect aspect has been innovated, from the 0-grade of *bʰew-.
An infinitive has been innovated, from *-se(n)

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