Here are the sound changes, as I laid them out. Here are extra symbols used, beyond the obvious ones:
hx = any laryngeal
P T Ḱ K Kw = labials, coronals, palatovelars, velars, labiovelars
D= any voiced stop
H= any aspirated stop
R= any sonorant
O= any obstruant
$= syllable boundary
N= nasal
F= front vowels
B= back vowels
1. Laryngeal changes. These are pretty straightforward, but I need to get them down more rigorously, because I half-assed them in several words last time.
h1e h2e h3e -> e a o
eh1 eh2 eh3 -> ē ā ō
hxo ohx -> o ō
hxa ahx -> a ā
ihx uhx -> ī ū
hxi hxu -> i u
[ḷ ṛ ṇ ṃ]hx -> ḷ: ṛ: ṇ: ṃ: (I think. If I'm wrong, please correct me).
hx -> Ø / oR_C where R is a sonorant and the laryngeal is in the same syllable as the o.
hx -> Ø / C_y if there is a preceding syllable
hx -> Ø / C_$CC. To expand: a largyngeal drops if it is the second of four underlying (not necessarily surface) nonsyllabics, and is followed by a syllable boundary.
Remaining hx -> a/C_C
All laryngeals, finally, disappear.
2. A few more synchronic PIE-level rules:
y w-> iy uw /VCC_, V:C_ (Siever's Law)
s -> z / _D (nisdós rule)
ss -> s
Kw -> K /_[u ū w]
TK -> KTs
TT -> TsT
K1sK2 -> sK2
VRs VRh2 -> V:R /_# (Szereményi's Law); word-final n arising as such -> Ø/ ō_# if the ō is unaccented.
V[m w h2]m -> V:m /_# (Stang's Law)
V: -> V /_RC (Osthoff's Law)
t -> d / [R V]_# (also occurs in Italic and Anatolian)
3. Ḱ -> K /_ (centumization)
P -> Kw /_...$Kw
4. Syllabic sonorant changes:
ṃ́ ṇ́ -> om on / [P Kw w]_
ṃ́ ṇ́ -> em en / otherwise
ṃ ṇ -> a / if unstressed
ḷ́ ṛ́ -> la ra;
ḷ ṛ -> el er / if unstressed
w -> Ø /#_R
Where a following laryngeal had lengthened the syllabic sonorant, the resulting vowel in the reflex was long, also.
5. z -> r (from the nisdós rule)
6. l -> w/_C
7. OR -> RO (a sequence of an obstruant followed by a sonorant switches places).
8. In a move akin to the Ingvaeonic Spirant Law, but with aspirates:
N -> : / V_H
9. p sw -> f /#_
10. w -> v /V_V, except
w -> Ø / B_B
Ø -> y /#_e
tw dw -> θ
Kw -> Kw
remaining Cw -> Cu
y -> Ø /C_
11. k g -> s y /_F/ except after nasals
Kw -> K /_F
12. Aspirate changes:
bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ -> b θ h f /#_
bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ -> b θ y b /V_V
Note, however, that gʰ gʷʰ become simple g gʷ after a sonorant.
13. kʷ gʷ -> p b
14. w -> gʷ -> kʷ -> p /#_
15. sp ps pt -> f except ps survives _#.
p -> f / VR_
p -> w /V_C
ks sk -> h/ except ks survives _#.
sr -> θr
sl -> θl
st -> θ
16. mr nr -> br dr
17. ĭ -> Ø/_#
any resulting RO clusters -> R, with the obstruant disappearing
18. Some changes in vowels and diphthongs (breves have been added to aid comprehension)
ŏ -> ă /unless followed by /y w/ and a consonant
ṓ ō -> ó ā /unless followed by /y w/ and a consonant
ĕw -> ŏ
ŏw ōw -> o ō
ēw -> iŏ
ĕy ēy -> ĕ ē
ăy āy -> ĕ ē / unless stressed
ā́y -> áy
oy ōy -> i ī
óy ṓy -> é ḗ
ăw āw -> ŏ ō /unless stressed
19.
l -> r /#_, #C_
l -> ɾ /V_V
m -> n /_#
d -> :/ _#
r -> h / V_V
ɾ -> r
20. At this point the Lusitanic Vowel Shift occurs, which gives Lusitanic some of its distinctive characteristics (such as the cognates of other PIE ā-stems ending in -ɔ):
ā -> ɔ
ó -> ɔ, otherwise -> o
ṓ -> o, otherwise -> u
ŭ -> o
ū -> u
ī -> i
stressed ĭ -> e in closed syllables; all other ĭ stay.
ḗ -> e, otherwise ē -> i
é -> ɛ, otherwise e -> e
21. s -> Ø /#_N
sC -> asC/#_
22. b, v -> β (a phoneme likely realized as /b/ syllable-initially and /v~β/ intervocalically)
23. kt -> θ
24. θ...θ -> s...θ (dissimilation of θ's in adjacent syllables)
f...f -> s...f (similarly)
These two changes remain active.
25. Stress regularization: if a word was stressed in PIE on the stem, stress becomes initial. If it was stressed on the ending, it attaches to the first syllable of the inflectional ending.
26. Syncope: in a word of three or more vowels, the second drops, if unstressed. This underwent some heavy leveling, especially with regards to the inflectional paradigms, so this sometimes fails to apply where it "should" and sometimes applies where it "shouldn't". Generally, a form is either unsyncopated or syncopated throughout a paradigm, so this does not remain as an active rule like it did in, say, Old Irish. If a vowel following an /h/ was syncopated, the /h/ disappeared, lowering any previous /e o/ to /ɛ ɔ/. (If the /ɛ/ was unstressed, though, it stayed /e/. /ɛ/ only contrasts when it is stressed.) I think in a few words/forms where the word would have more than three syllables, the second syllable is stressed, so the third is the one that drops. When a syncopated vowel left a sonorant stuck between two vowels, an /a/ appeared before the sonorant.
This gives us the following phonetic inventory:
Code: Select all
p t k
b~v d g
m n
f θ s h
r y
i u
e o
ɛ ɔ
a
Code: Select all
π τ κ
β δ γ
μ ν
ϝ θ σ η
ρ ι
ι υ
ε ο
η ω
α
I'm not clear on the phonotactic constraints quite yet. I do have a good "feeling" for what could and couldn't be a Lusitanic word, but about all I can say at this point is that /ɛ/ is a separate phoneme only in stressed syllables.