Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Epic Poetry)

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Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Epic Poetry)

Post by dhok »

Upon embarking upon a rewriting of the non-denominative verbs, I realized, basically, that the Lusitanic thread has just become extremely large and unwieldy, and it's time to redo it from the ground up. So here's a better-condensed version of the same thread. Among other things, I'm going to post PIE or pre-proto-Lusitanic (pseudo-Italo-Celtic) etymons for all my paradigms, because otherwise it's difficult for people to adequately provide feedback. I was also not quite rigorous enough with the laryngeal changes (leading to such embarrassing "reflexes" as δήθω from *dédh3oh2). For these and a few other reasons, I am giving Lusitanic a reboot and redoing it from scratch. The lexicon is still valid, but it will be reworked extensively over the near future, so do not take anything you see in it at the moment as gospel.

Here are the sound changes, as I laid them out. Here are extra symbols used, beyond the obvious ones:
hx = any laryngeal
P T Ḱ K Kw = labials, coronals, palatovelars, velars, labiovelars
D= any voiced stop
H= any aspirated stop
R= any sonorant
O= any obstruant
$= syllable boundary
N= nasal
F= front vowels
B= back vowels


1. Laryngeal changes. These are pretty straightforward, but I need to get them down more rigorously, because I half-assed them in several words last time.

h1e h2e h3e -> e a o
eh1 eh2 eh3 -> ē ā ō
hxo ohx -> o ō
hxa ahx -> a ā
ihx uhx -> ī ū
hxi hxu -> i u
[ḷ ṛ ṇ ṃ]hx -> ḷ: ṛ: ṇ: ṃ: (I think. If I'm wrong, please correct me).
hx -> Ø / oR_C where R is a sonorant and the laryngeal is in the same syllable as the o.
hx -> Ø / C_y if there is a preceding syllable
hx -> Ø / C_$CC. To expand: a largyngeal drops if it is the second of four underlying (not necessarily surface) nonsyllabics, and is followed by a syllable boundary.
Remaining hx -> a/C_C

All laryngeals, finally, disappear.

2. A few more synchronic PIE-level rules:

y w-> iy uw /VCC_, V:C_ (Siever's Law)
s -> z / _D (nisdós rule)
ss -> s
Kw -> K /_[u ū w]
TK -> KTs
TT -> TsT
K1sK2 -> sK2
VRs VRh2 -> V:R /_# (Szereményi's Law); word-final n arising as such -> Ø/ ō_# if the ō is unaccented.
V[m w h2]m -> V:m /_# (Stang's Law)
V: -> V /_RC (Osthoff's Law)
t -> d / [R V]_# (also occurs in Italic and Anatolian)

3. Ḱ -> K /_ (centumization)
P -> Kw /_...$Kw

4. Syllabic sonorant changes:
ṃ́ ṇ́ -> om on / [P Kw w]_
ṃ́ ṇ́ -> em en / otherwise
ṃ ṇ -> a / if unstressed
ḷ́ ṛ́ -> la ra;
ḷ ṛ -> el er / if unstressed
w -> Ø /#_R

Where a following laryngeal had lengthened the syllabic sonorant, the resulting vowel in the reflex was long, also.

5. z -> r (from the nisdós rule)

6. l -> w/_C

7. OR -> RO (a sequence of an obstruant followed by a sonorant switches places).

8. In a move akin to the Ingvaeonic Spirant Law, but with aspirates:
N -> : / V_H

9. p sw -> f /#_

10. w -> v /V_V, except
w -> Ø / B_B
Ø -> y /#_e
tw dw -> θ
Kw -> Kw
remaining Cw -> Cu
y -> Ø /C_

11. k g -> s y /_F/ except after nasals
Kw -> K /_F

12. Aspirate changes:
bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ -> b θ h f /#_
bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ -> b θ y b /V_V
Note, however, that gʰ gʷʰ become simple g gʷ after a sonorant.

13. kʷ gʷ -> p b

14. w -> gʷ -> kʷ -> p /#_

15. sp ps pt -> f except ps survives _#.
p -> f / VR_
p -> w /V_C
ks sk -> h/ except ks survives _#.
sr -> θr
sl -> θl
st -> θ

16. mr nr -> br dr

17. ĭ -> Ø/_#
any resulting RO clusters -> R, with the obstruant disappearing

18. Some changes in vowels and diphthongs (breves have been added to aid comprehension)
ŏ -> ă /unless followed by /y w/ and a consonant
ṓ ō -> ó ā /unless followed by /y w/ and a consonant
ĕw -> ŏ
ŏw ōw -> o ō
ēw -> iŏ
ĕy ēy -> ĕ ē
ăy āy -> ĕ ē / unless stressed
ā́y -> áy
oy ōy -> i ī
óy ṓy -> é ḗ
ăw āw -> ŏ ō /unless stressed


19.
l -> r /#_, #C_
l -> ɾ /V_V
m -> n /_#
d -> :/ _#
r -> h / V_V
ɾ -> r

20. At this point the Lusitanic Vowel Shift occurs, which gives Lusitanic some of its distinctive characteristics (such as the cognates of other PIE ā-stems ending in -ɔ):
ā -> ɔ
ó -> ɔ, otherwise -> o
ṓ -> o, otherwise -> u
ŭ -> o
ū -> u
ī -> i
stressed ĭ -> e in closed syllables; all other ĭ stay.
ḗ -> e, otherwise ē -> i
é -> ɛ, otherwise e -> e

21. s -> Ø /#_N
sC -> asC/#_

22. b, v -> β (a phoneme likely realized as /b/ syllable-initially and /v~β/ intervocalically)

23. kt -> θ

24. θ...θ -> s...θ (dissimilation of θ's in adjacent syllables)
f...f -> s...f (similarly)
These two changes remain active.

25. Stress regularization: if a word was stressed in PIE on the stem, stress becomes initial. If it was stressed on the ending, it attaches to the first syllable of the inflectional ending.

26. Syncope: in a word of three or more vowels, the second drops, if unstressed. This underwent some heavy leveling, especially with regards to the inflectional paradigms, so this sometimes fails to apply where it "should" and sometimes applies where it "shouldn't". Generally, a form is either unsyncopated or syncopated throughout a paradigm, so this does not remain as an active rule like it did in, say, Old Irish. If a vowel following an /h/ was syncopated, the /h/ disappeared, lowering any previous /e o/ to /ɛ ɔ/. (If the /ɛ/ was unstressed, though, it stayed /e/. /ɛ/ only contrasts when it is stressed.) I think in a few words/forms where the word would have more than three syllables, the second syllable is stressed, so the third is the one that drops. When a syncopated vowel left a sonorant stuck between two vowels, an /a/ appeared before the sonorant.


This gives us the following phonetic inventory:

Code: Select all

p      t       k
b~v    d       g
m      n
f      θ    s       h
       r    y

i        u
e        o
ɛ        ɔ
    a
Which will be written like this:

Code: Select all


π      τ       κ
β      δ       γ
μ      ν
ϝ      θ  σ      η 
       ρ    ι

ι        υ
ε        ο
η        ω
     α
Stressed vowels are marked by an acute accent. Initial /h/ might have a rough breathing.

I'm not clear on the phonotactic constraints quite yet. I do have a good "feeling" for what could and couldn't be a Lusitanic word, but about all I can say at this point is that /ɛ/ is a separate phoneme only in stressed syllables.
Last edited by dhok on Mon Dec 09, 2013 8:10 pm, edited 25 times in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted

Post by dhok »

Nominal Morphology

As previously described, the Lusitanic noun is rather complex, being one of three genders (the standard masculine, feminine or neuter), and declinable in three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative and vocative). The same distinction mentioned in the old thread between rhizotonic (stressed on the stem) and oxytonic (stressed on the ending) nouns still applies for many declension patterns.

The Lusitanic noun is firmly in the Italo-Celtic pattern; among other things, this means that o-stems have a genitive singular in -ī (shared with the masculine nominative plural), and that the dative/ablative plural ending derives from *-bhos. (But see below).

O-Stems
These are masculine or neuter, and are cognate to o-stems in other languages. Because Lusitanic has shuffled its vowels around more than Latin, Greek or even Sanskrit, this is a historical moniker only (the titular o has become α in the forms where it has survived). They may be rhizotonic or oxytonic. For an example of a rhizotonic masculine o-stem (after which I will want to get to bed), here is άγρας, άγρι, m. "field", fully declined, with etymons.

Code: Select all

    S        D          P
nom h₂éǵros  h₂éǵroh₁   h₂éǵrī
gen h₂éǵrī   h₂éǵrōws   h₂éǵrohₓom
dat h₂éǵrōyᵃ h₂éǵrobʰyō h₂éǵrobʰosᵇ
acc h₂éǵrom  h₂éǵroh₁   h₂éǵronsᶜ
abl h₂éǵradᵃ h₂éǵrobʰyō h₂égrobʰosᵇ
loc h₂éǵrey  h₂éǵrōws   h₂égroysu
voc h₂égre   h₂éǵroh₁   h₂égrī
    
    S     D      P
nom άγρας άγρω   άγρι
gen άγρι  άγρυς  άγρων 
dat άγρι  άγραβω άγραβας
acc άγραν άγρω   άγρως
abl άγρω  άγραβω άγραβας
loc άγρε  άγρυς  άγρισο
voc άγρε  άγρω   άγρι
ᵃ Ringe gives -eoy, -ead as the endings; other sources give -ōy, -ōd. In the ablative it doesn't really matter here (but it does on principle), since the resulting ending will be -ω regardless. In the dative the usual contraction seems to have been to -ōy, which produces -ι. I've deleted the -e- in the ablative by analogy. Now I have a few mergers...maybe I'll tweak the reflexes of the diphthongs to keep all three of the genitive, dative and locative from merging. (Ninja edit: tweaked the reflex of PIE *ey ēy. The locative is now the distinct άγρε).

ᵇ Ringe gives -mos, but this is a dialectal difference: Germanic and Balto-Slavic inherited -mos, most everyone else inherited -bʰos in some form. In Latin (and I think Greek) the ending was -ys, but -bʰos survived in the Latin third, fourth and fifth declensions. Currently the ending is a descendent of -bʰos is used, but -is is another possibility (the reflex would be άγρις, unless Szereményi's law decides to rear its ugly head [see below], in which case it will be άγρι.)

ᶜ Here I'm pretty well confused. Ringe gives -ons, as do Mallory & Adams (I thought I'd brought Szereményi with me tonight, but it's in my dorm room. Regardless, most/all sources are agreeing on -ons). By Szereményi's Law, this should change ons -> ōn -> ō, but the only language where that seems to have happened is Sanskrit (and even there the -n was not dropped); in Greek and Latin the reflex is -ōs. I think -ōs was the etymon in Celtic, too, but I forgot to bring Stifter (NE: it was, or at least -ūs). Regardless, I'm confused: did Szereményi's Law not apply or something? (The same question applies in the dat/abl dual, which "should" have merged with the gen/loc dual). I have chosen not to apply Szereményi's in these forms since it seems like it wasn't applied, but if somebody knows what's really going on, I'll happily defer.

Here's an oxytonic o-stem, νιρδάς, νιρδί, "nest".

Code: Select all

    S      D         P
nom nisdós nisdóh₁   nisdī́
gen nisdī́  nisdṓws   nisdṓhₓom
dat nisdṓy nisdóbʰyō nisdóbʰos
acc nisdóm nisdóh₁   nisdóns
abl nisdád nisdóbʰyō nisdóbʰos
loc nisdéy nisdṓws   nisdóysu
voc nisdé  nisdóh₁   nisdī́

    S      D       P
nom νιρδάς νιρδώ   νιρδί
gen νιρδί  νιρδύς  νιρδών
dat νιρδέ  νιρδάβω νιρδάβας 
acc νιρδάν νιρδώ   νιρδώς
abl νιρδώ  νιρδάβω νιρδάβας 
loc νιρδή  νιρδύς  νιρδήσο
voc νιρδή  νιρδώ   νιρδί
Again, if the ending for the dat./abl. plural derived from -is rather than -bʰos, then the form will be different (namely, νιρδής). I have pulled the same tricks with Szereményi's Law (namely, not applying it) here as in the rhizotonic declension.

As in other IE languages, o-stem neuters have a separate declension, but only in the nominative, accusative and vocative, all of which merge. Here I show an example of both a rhizotonic and an oxytonic in the relevant forms (μάραν, μάρι "blackberry", ιογάν, ιογί "yoke"):

Code: Select all

      S     D     P
n/a/v mórom móroy móreh₂ 
n/a/v μάηαν μάηι  μάηω

n/a/v yugóm yugóy yugéh₂
n/a/v ιογάν ιογή  ιογώ
(Does anybody know why the ending -eh₂ became -η in Greek when it was the nominative singular of an ā-stem feminine, but remained -α when it was the nom/acc plural of a neuter?)

A-Stems
These are mostly (entirely?) feminine, and are cognate to a-stems in the other IE languages. So far, so good. Again, there are both rhizotonic and oxytonic subdeclensions. Our rhizotonic is descended from h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂ "wool" (what a mouthful- unless I'm wrong, the initial laryngeal will drop out completely and leave no trace), which should yield ρώνω. Our oxytonic is descended from dʰohxnéh₂, "grain", which yields θωνώ.

Rhizotonic:

Code: Select all

    S             D               P
nom h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂    h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂eh₁ᶜ  h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂esᵃ 
gen h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂s   h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂owsᵈ  h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂ohₓom
dat h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂eyᵃ h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂bʰyōᵉ h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂bʰosᶠ
acc h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂m   h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂eh₁ᶜ  h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂ns
abl h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂dᵇ  h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂bʰyōᵉ h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂bʰosᶠ
loc h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂i   h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂owsᵈ  h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂su
voc h₂wḷ́h₁na      h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂eh₁ᶜ  h₂wḷ́h₁neh₂esᵃ

    S     D        P
nom ρώνω  ρώνι     ρώνως
gen ρώνως ρώνυς    ρώνων
dat ρώνι  ρώναβω   ρώνωβας
acc ρώνων ρώνι     ρώνως
abl ρώνω  ρώναβω   ρώνωβας
loc ρώνι  ρώνυς    ρώνωσο
voc ρώνα  ρώνι     ρώνως
Again, I have a few reservations:
ᵃ I'm not entirely certain how the laryngeal is supposed to contract with the surrounding vowels here. I had thought that intervocalic laryngeals just dropped; but perhaps sequences -eHe- turn into a long vowel colored by the laryngeal instead? That is the assumption I am making here, and so the dative singular is ρώνι from a contracted ending -eh₂ey -> āy (thereby being identical to the locative singular, where eh₂i -> āy). Likewise, the nominative and accusative plural are both ρώνως; in Latin and Greek they are separate, but to my knowledge that's by analogy (they're identical in Old Irish and I think Sanskrit). I might differentiate them, maybe not.

ᵇ The genitive and ablative singular are identical in PIE, but early on an ending in -d emerged in the ablative by analogy with the o-stems.

ᶜ Analogy again; early PIE feminines didn't seem to have a dual, or at least none that I can find.

ᵈ By contraction eh₂ows -> āows -> āws -> ōs -> us.

ᵉ PIE -eh₂bʰyō unpacks to -eh₂bʰiyō because of Siever's Law.

ᶠ If the ending derived from -ys, then these will be ρώνις instead.

Here is the declension of an oxytonic, θωνώ, θωνώς "grain". These are pretty close to the rhizotonics, but note some diphthongs that survived in the oxytonic subdeclension because they were stressed.

Code: Select all

    S             D            P
nom dʰohₓnéh₂    dʰohₓnéh₂eh₁  dʰohₓnéh₂es 
gen dʰohₓnéh₂s   dʰohₓnéh₂ows  dʰohₓnéh₂ohₓom
dat dʰohₓnéh₂ey  dʰohₓnéh₂bʰyō dʰohₓnéh₂bʰosᵃ
acc dʰohₓnéh₂m   dʰohₓnéh₂eh₁  dʰohₓnéh₂ns
abl dʰohₓnéh₂d   dʰohₓnéh₂bʰyō dʰohₓnéh₂bʰosᵃ
loc dʰohₓnéh₂i   dʰohₓnéh₂ows  dʰohₓnéh₂su
voc dʰohₓná      dʰohₓnéh₂eh₁  dʰohₓnéh₂es
     
    S     D       P
nom θωνώ  θωνή    θωνώς
gen θωνώς θωνύς   θωνών
dat θωναί θωνάβω  θωνώβας
acc θωνών θωνή    θωνώς
abl θωνώ  θωνάβω  θωνώβας
loc θωναί θωνύς   θωνώσο
voc θωνά  θωνή    θωνώς
ᵃ If we assume an ending in -ys, this form is θωναίς.

At this point it should probably be noted that some nouns in the o-stem and ā-stem classes are "y-variants", meaning that there was a *y preceded by a vowel ending the stem, and that they have a reflex ending in -Vι-. These decline normally, except that if the declensional ending is also -ι then the two ι's merge into a hiatus -ϊ. I don't have any examples at the moment, but I know they're around and will appear in the lexicon (which I need to update).
Last edited by dhok on Mon Dec 09, 2013 12:46 pm, edited 9 times in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Tidier Diachronics and Nouns)

Post by dhok »

Keepin' on keepin' on.

I-stem nouns
Things are now going to get a little hairy, because accent placement in o-stems and a-stems was fairly straightforwardly either on the stem or the ending across all forms. i-stems varied in accent placement in PIE, I believe, but by pre-proto-Lusitanic they were all proterokinetic, which means essentially that i-stems are rhizotonic in the nominative, accusative and vocative, and are oxytonic elsewhere. Because the stem appeared in e- or o-grade in the strong cases and Ø-grade in the weak ones, some i-stems essentially have two roots (i-stems that were borrowed or innovated after this early stage did not show this alternation, and some lesser-used ones just plain analogized to one or the other). Masculines and feminines decline the same way, but neuters have their own nominative/accusative/genitive forms. Bottoms up for feminine μήντις, ματής "mind":

Code: Select all

   S       D          P
nom méntis  méntih₁    ménteyes
gen mṇtéys  mṇtéyowsᵇ  mṇtéyohₓom
dat mṇtéyey mṇtéybʰyōᵇ mṇtíbʰōsᶜ
acc méntim  méntih₁    méntins
abl mṇtéydᵃ mṇtéybʰyōᵇ mṇtíbʰosᶜ
loc mṇtéy   mṇtéyowsᵇ  mṇtísu
voc ménti   méntih₁    ménteyes

    S      D       P
nom μήντις μήντι   μήντειες
gen ματής  ματήιος ματίβας
dat ματήιε ματήβω  ματήιων
acc μήντιν μήντι   μήντις
abl ματέ   ματήβω  ματίβας
loc ματή   ματήιος ματίσο
voc μήντι  μήντι   μήντειες
ᵃ As in feminine ā-stems, the ablative and genitive singular "should" be identical, but an ablative in -d developed early by analogy.

ᵇ I am not sure whether the thematic vowel had e-grade ablaut (-ey, as shown) or zero-grade (-i-) in one or both of these forms; the latter versions would be ματίος, ματίβω.

ᶜIt strikes me as unlikely that the dat/abl plural ending would derive from -is- beyond the o-stems and ā-stems, but all I really have to go on is Latin's reflexes, which I may be just as well off ignoring. Such a form would be ματίς.

Characteristic of the neuters of this class is μαρ, βρής "sea", which has an irregular-as-hell oblique stem but is inflected regularly. Some (not all) neuter i-stems have no -ι in their nominative/accusative/vocative singular.

Code: Select all

      S    D      P
n/a/v móri mórih₁ mórieh₂ᵃ
n/a/v μαρ  μάηι   μάηιω
ᵃ Originally *mórih₂; but both Italic and Celtic innovated an ending in -ā by analogy with the o-stem neuters, so I'll chalk that up to a common Italo-Celtic feature and include it.

U-stems

Like i-stems, these are all proterokinetic. Characteristic is σύνος "son" from *suhₓnús (observe the changed accent). The alternation between zero and e-grade in the stem can still operate, but not in this particular word. These were basically identical to the i-stems except for the vowel in PIE.

Code: Select all

    S         D            P
nom súhₓnus   súhₓnuh₁     súhₓnewes
gen suhₓnéws  suhₓnéwows  suhₓnéwohₓom
dat suhₓnéwey suhₓnéwbʰyō  suhₓnúbʰos
acc súhₓnum   súhₓnuh₁     súhₓnuns
abl suhₓnéwd  suhₓnéwbʰyō  suhₓnúbʰos
loc suhₓnéwi  suhₓnéwows   suhₓnúsu
voc súhₓnu    súhₓnuh₁     súhₓnewes
    
    S      D        P
nom σύνος  σύνυ     σύνεβες
gen συνώς  συνώβος  συνήβων
dat συνήβε συνώβω  συνόβας
acc σύνον  σύνυ     σύνυς
abl συνώ   συνώβω  συνόβας
loc συνώ   συνώβος  συνόσο
voc σύνο   σύνυ     σύνεβες
An example of a neuter: δάηο, δρώς "tree". (Like μαρ, βρής, its stem is irregular, but not its endings.)

Code: Select all

            S     D       P
nom/acc/voc dóru dórwih₁ᵃ dórueh₂
nom/acc/voc δάηο δάηυ     δάηυω
ᵃ Irregular dual, for some odd reason, but the reflex has been regularized.

Right...bed.
Last edited by dhok on Sun Dec 08, 2013 8:40 pm, edited 3 times in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Tidier Diachronics and Nouns)

Post by dhok »

R-stem nouns

This is a small-ish declension comprising a number of nouns relating to kinship, and agent nouns derived from verbs.

Code: Select all

    S       D         P
nom ph₂tḗr  ph₂térh₁e ph₂téres
gen ph₂trés ph₂tróws  ph₂tróhₓom
dat ph₂tréy ph₂tṛbʰyṓ ph₂tṛbʰós
acc ph₂térṃ ph₂térh₁e ph₂térṇs
abl ph₂tréd ph₂tṛbʰyṓ ph₂tṛbʰós
loc ph₂téri ph₂térows ph₂tṛsú
voc ph₂tér  ph₂térh₁e ph₂téres
    
    S      D       P
nom ϝατέρ  ϝατήρε  ϝατήρες
gen ϝατρής ϝατρώς  ϝατρών
dat ϝατρή  ϝατερβώ ϝατερβάς
acc ϝατήρα ϝατήρε  ϝατήρας
abl ϝατρέ  ϝατερβώ ϝατερβάς
loc ϝατήρ  ϝατρώς  ϝατερσό
voc ϝατήρ  ϝατήρε  ϝατήρες
Feminines and masculines decline the same way. There are no neuters.

Consonant Stems

Bluntly, this comprises everything else. There are two subdeclensions here: amphikinetics, where the stress acts as in i- or u-stems, and acrostatics, where the stress is permanently on the root. Often, words have three stems- one in the nominative singular, one for the accusative, vocative (which may itself be irregular) and other nominatives, and one for everything else. Here is an amphikinetic masculine, δως, δατής "tooth":

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    S       D           P
nom h₁dónts h₁dónth₁e   h₁dóntes
gen h₁dṇtés h₁dṇtóws    h₁dṇtóhₓom
dat h₁dṇtéy h₁dṇtebʰyṓᵃ h₁dṇtebʰósᵃ
acc h₁dóntṃ h₁dónth₁e   h₁dóntṇs
abl h₁dṇtéd h₁dṇtebʰyṓᵃ h₁dṇtebʰósᵃ
loc h₁dṇtíᵇ h₁dṇtóws    h₁dṇtesúᵃ
voc h₁dónt  h₁dónth₁e   h₁dóntes
 
    S     D      P
nom δως   δάντε  δάντες
gen δατής δατώς  δατών
dat δατή  δατεβώ δατεβάς 
acc δάντα δάντε  δάντας 
abl δατέ  δατεβώ δατεβάς 
loc δατί  δατώς  δατεσό
voc δαν   δάντε  δάντες
ᵃ Thematic -e- inserted by analogy.
ᵇ This form historically inflected with the strong root, but has moved by analogy.

Here is an acrostatic, feminine ναψ, νάϝες "night".

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    S        D           P
nom nokʷts   nókʷth₁e    nókʷtes
gen nókʷtesᵃ nókʷtows    nókʷtohₓom
dat nókʷtey  nókʷtebʰyōᵃ nókʷtebʰosᵃ
acc nókʷtṃ   nókʷth₁e    nókʷtṇs
abl nókʷted  nókʷtebʰyōᵃ nókʷtebʰosᵃ
loc nókʷtiᵇ  nókʷtows    nókʷtesuᵃ
voc nókʷtᶜ   nókʷth₁e    nókʷtes
    
    S     D      P
nom ναψ   νάϝε   νάϝες
gen νάϝες νάϝος  νάϝων
dat νάϝε  νάϝεβω νάϝεβας
acc νάϝα  νάϝε   νάϝας
abl νάϝι  νάϝεβω νάϝεβας
loc νάϝι  νάϝος  νάϝεσο
voc νάϝε  νάϝε   νάϝες
ᵃ Thematic vowel inserted by analogy.
ᵇ Final -ι survives by analogy with the amphikinetics.
ᶜ Where the bare vocative form would be phonotactically disallowed (I'm not sure yet, but it looks like the only permitted final consonants will be -ς -ν -ρ -τ), -ε is borrowed from the masculine o-stems.

Finally, here are neuter examples of each class. In the amphikinetic class we show the strong-case forms of σερ, σερδής n. "heart".

Code: Select all

            S    D       P
nom/acc/voc ḱḗr  ḱérdih₁ ḱérdeh₂

nom/acc/voc σερ  σήρδι   σήρδω
In the acrostatic class we have νήβας, νήβεσες "cloud".

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      S      D         P
n/a/v nébʰos nébʰesih₁ nébʰeseh₂

n/a/v νήβας  νήβεσι    νήβεσω
And, uh. I think that's more or less it for the nouns. I'll probably edit in a few irregulars later, but that's what it's looking like.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Tidier Diachronics and Nouns)

Post by dhok »

Pronominal Morphology

Here I'll be attempting to collect together not only personal pronouns but also other parts of the pronominal system, like interrogatives and relatives. Hopefully this will be relatively straightforward- irregular, but straightforward.

Personal Pronouns
As in most other IE languages, the 1st and 2nd person pronouns are pretty well-preserved, while the third person ones have been derived from demonstratives. Note the unstressed, cliticized forms in the dative and accusative.

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    1s             2s           1d         2dd
nom h₁éǵohₓ        túhₓ         wé         yú
gen h₁móy          téwe         ṇh₃mówsᵇ   uh₃wówsᵇ
dat h₁méǵʰey/h₁moy tébʰye/toy   ṇh₃ṃbʰyṓᵇ  uh₃ubʰyṓᵇ
acc h₁mé/h₁me      té/te        ṇh₃mé/noh₃ uh₃wé/woh₃
abl h₁méd          téd          ṇh₃ṃbʰyṓᵇ  uh₃ubʰyṓᵇ

    1p          2p
nom wéy         yū́ 
gen ṇsóm        usóm
dat ṇsméy/ṇsis  usméy/wis
acc ṇsmé/nōs    uswé/wōs
abl ṇsméd       usméd

    1s      2s       1d     2d     1p        2p
nom ιήγω    τύ       ιή     ιό     ιή        ιύ
gen μήςᵃ    τήβεςᵃ   ωμώς   υβώς   ασάν      οσάν
dat μήιε/μι τήβε/τι  ωβιώ   υβιώ   ασμή/ασις οσμή/ις
acc μή/με   τή/τε    ωμή/νω υβή/ω  αϝήᶜ/νας  οϝή/ως
abl μέ      τέ       ωβιώ   υβιώ   ασμέ      οσμέ 
ᵃ Final -ς acquired by analogy with the consonant stems.
ᵇ All these are by analogy with the consonant stems.
ᶜ By analogy with 2p.

Here are the third-person pronouns. In the singular, they had a standard form derived usually from *tosm-, and the clitics derived from *sos/seh₂/son, except for the genitive, which does its own thing. In the plural they're usually from *tos or clitics from *sos. I have not yet figured the dual out:

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    3ms        3fs              3ns         3mp           3fp                3np
nom tósmos     tósmeh₂          tósmom      tósmī         téh₂s              téh₂
gen sió        séh₂s            sió         tóhₓom        tóhₓom             tóhₓom
dat tósmoy/soy tósmeh₂ey/seh₂ey tósmoy/soy  tóbʰos/sobʰos téh₂bʰos/seh₂bʰos  tóbʰos/sobʰos
acc tósmom/som tósmeh₂m/seh₂m   tósmom/som  tóns/sons     téh₂ns/seh₂ns      téh₂/seh₂
abl tósmod     tósmeh₂d         tósmod      tóbʰos        téh₂bʰos           tóbʰos
loc tósmey     tósmeh₂i         tósmey      tósu          téh₂su             tósu

    3ms         3fs          3ns          3mp          3fp          3np
nom τάσμας      τάσμω        τάσμαν       τάσμι        τώς          τώ
gen σία         σώς          σία          τών          τών          τών
dat τάσμι/σι    τάσμι/σι     τάσμι/σι     τάβας/σαβας  τώβας/σωβας  τάβας/σαβας
acc τάσμαν/σαν  τάσμων/σων   τάσμαν/σαν   τώς/σως      τώς/σως      τώ/σω
abl τάσμω       τάσμω        τάσμω        τάβας        τώβας        τάβας
loc τάσμε       τάσμι        τάσμε        τάσο         τώσο         τάσο
The reflexive pronoun is genderless and numberless, and has no nominative:

Code: Select all

gen *séwe/soy
dat *sébʰyo/soy
acc *swé/se
abl *swéd
loc *swéy

gen σήβε/σι
dat σήβα/σι
acc ϝη/σε
abl ϝε
loc ϝη
Here is the article. It derives from *ti-s, and there has been some analogical borrowing from the nouns, i-stems especially.

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       MASCULINE                   FEMININE                 NEUTER 
     S     D      P       | S       D       P        | S     D      P 
nom  tis   tih₁   tī      | tieh₂   tih₁    tieh₂es  | ti    tih₁   tieh₂ 
gen  tī    tiows  tiohₓom | tieh₂s  tiows   tiohₓom  | tī    tiows  tiohₓom
dat  tiey  tibʰyō tibʰos  | tieh₂ey tibʰyō  tieh₂bʰos| tiey  tibʰyō tibʰos
acc  tim   tih₁   tins    | tieh₂m  tih₁    tieh₂ns  | ti    tih₁   tieh₂ 
abl  tieyd tibʰyō tibʰos  | tieh₂d  tibʰyō  tieh₂bʰos| tieyd tibʰyō tibʰos
loc  tiey  tiows  tiso    | tieh₂i  tiows   tieh₂su  | tiey  tiows  tiso


    S     D     P    | S      D      P    | S     D     P
nom τις   τι   τιες  | τιω    τι     τιως | τι    τι    τιω  
gen τιες  τιος τιων  | τιως   τιος   τιων | τιες  τιος  τιων
dat τιε   τιβω τιβας | τιαι   τιβω   τιβας| τιε   τιβω  τιβας 
acc τιν   τι   τις   | τιων   τι     τιως | τι    τι    τιω
abl τιε   τιβω τιβας | τιω    τιβω   τιβας| τιε   τιβω  τιβας 
loc τιε   τιος τισο  | τιαι   τιος   τισο | τιε   τιος  τισο
The interrogative pronoun is derived from *kʷis, *kʷid. By analogy, it now identical in form to the article with the stem κί- instead of τι-. It is likely it was analogized back when the article was still a demonstrative. It's possible that the neuter nominative/accusative singular was preserved, but there is no way to tell from the synchronic reflexes.

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       MASCULINE                     FEMININE                 NEUTER 
     S     D      P          | S       D       P           | S     D      P 
nom  kʷís   kʷíh₁   kʷī́      | kʷíeh₂   kʷíh₁    kʷíeh₂es  | kʷíd   kʷíh₁   kʷíeh₂ 
gen  kʷī́    kʷíows  kʷíohₓom | kʷíeh₂s  kʷíows   kʷíohₓom  | kʷī́    kʷíows  kʷíohₓom
dat  kʷíey  kʷíbʰyō kʷíbʰos  | kʷíeh₂ey kʷíbʰyō  kʷíeh₂bʰos| kʷíey  kʷíbʰyō kʷíbʰos
acc  kʷím   kʷíh₁   kʷíns    | kʷíeh₂m  kʷíh₁    kʷíeh₂ns  | kʷíd   kʷíh₁   kʷíeh₂ 
abl  kʷíeyd kʷíbʰyō kʷíbʰos  | kʷíeh₂d  kʷíbʰyō  kʷíeh₂bʰos| kʷíeyd kʷíbʰyō kʷíbʰos
loc  kʷíey  kʷíows  kʷíso    | kʷíeh₂i  kʷíows   kʷíeh₂su  | kʷíey  kʷíows  kʷíso

       MASCULINE           FEMININE             NEUTER
    S     D     P    | S      D      P    | S     D     P
nom κις   κι   κίες  | κίω    κι     κίως | κι    κι    κιω 
gen κίες  κίος κίων  | κίως   κίος   κίων | κίες  κίος  κίων
dat κίε   κίβω κίβας | κίαι   κίβω   κίβας| κίε   κίβω  κίβας 
acc κιν   κι   κις   | κίων   κι     κίως | κι    κι    κίω
abl κίε   κίβω κίβας | κίω    κίβω   κίβας| κίε   κίβω  κίβας 
loc κίε   κίος κίσο  | κίαι   κίος   κίσο | κίε   κίος  κίσο
Here are the demonstratives. The proximate derives from *ḱis, ḱíeh₂, ḱid, and is basically identical in form to the article or interrogative pronoun, with the stem σί-, firstly because that does seem to be how it would actually have been declined, and secondly because I am a horribly lazy ass. I don't think I should have to give any prehistory here, so bottoms up:

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       MASCULINE           FEMININE             NEUTER
    S     D     P    | S      D      P    | S     D     P
nom σις   σι   σίες  | σίω    σι     σίως | σι    σι    σιω 
gen σίες  σίος σίων  | σίως   σίος   σίων | σίες  σίος  σίων
dat σίε   σίβω σίβας | σίαι   σίβω   σίβας| σίε   σίβω  σίβας 
acc σιν   σι   σις   | σίων   σι     σίως | σι    σι    σίω
abl σίε   σίβω σίβας | σίω    σίβω   σίβας| σίε   σίβω  σίβας 
loc σίε   σίος σίσο  | σίαι   σίος   σίσο | σίε   σίος  σίσο
The second, distal demonstrative, derives from a phrase *ḱis teh₂m, "that over there", and has the unusual distinction of having all its endings inside the pronoun, with a constant final -ων. It is derivable from the proximate σις, with a few rules due to cluster simplification and syncope:

-If the form is one syllable and ends in a vowel, a simple -των is suffixed.
-If the form ends in an -ς, remove the -ς and affix -θων.
-If the form ends in -βω (dat/abl dual), syncope will apply, leading to -πτων. (This -πτ- cluster derives from syncope very late in the language, and so does not reduce to -ϝ-.)
-If the form ends in -σο (loc plural), syncope also applies, but like the unreduced -πτ-, the resulting -στ- cluster does not become -θ-. (Thus, locative plural σίστων stays distinct from nominative singular σίθων.)

Again, because the declension of *ḱis has been explained, and *teh₂m was indeclinable, no prehistory will be given.

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       MASCULINE                FEMININE                 NEUTER
    S     D     P         | S      D      P        | S      D       P
nom σίθων  σίτων  σίεθων  | σίωτων  σίτων  σίωθων  | σίτων  σίτων  σίωτων
gen σίεθων σίοθων σίωντων | σίωθων  σίοθων σίωντων | σίεθων σίοθων σίωντων
dat σίετων σίπτων σίβαθων | σίαιτων σίπτων σίβαθων | σίετων σίπτων σίβαθων 
acc σίντων σίτων  σίθων   | σίωντων σίτων  σίωθων  | σίτων  σίτων  σίωτων
abl σίετων σίπτων σίβαθων | σίωτων  σίπτων σίβαθων | σίετων σίπτων σίβαθων
loc σίετων σίοθων σίστων  | σίαιτων σίοθων σίστων  | σίετων σίοθων σίστων
Finally, the relative pronoun. There are several forms in use across the IE languages; Latin uses a spinnoff of the interrogative pronoun that is a identical save for a few important forms, and Old Irish is of no use, since it has (being Old Irish) gone round the bend and invented itself a set of verbal forms to mark relative clauses. For Lusitanic, the forms all derive from a phrase *sos kʷis, *seh₂ kʷíeh₂, *som kʷid, "he/she/it who...". Thankfully, this initial, affixed pronoun only changes to mark gender, and even here it devolved at an early stage into a two way masculine-neuter/feminine so-/seh₂- division. Therefore, the forms are uniformly the forms of κις with a prefixed σα- (in the masculine and neuter) or σω- (in the feminine).

Code: Select all

       MASCULINE                 FEMININE              NEUTER
    S      D      P       | S      D      P      | S      D      P
nom σακίς  σακί   σακίες  | σωκίω  σωκί   σωκίως | σακί   σακί   σακίω 
gen σακίες σακίος σακίων  | σωκίως σωκίος σωκίων | σακίες σακίος σακίων
dat σακίε  σακίβω σακίβας | σωκίαι σωκίβω σωκίβας| σακίε  σακίβω σακίβας 
acc σακίν  σακί   σακίς   | σωκίων σωκί   σωκίως | σακί   σακί   σακίω
abl σακίε  σακίβω σακίβας | σωκίω  σωκίβω σωκίβας| σακίε  σακίβω σακίβας 
loc σακίε  σακίος σακίσο  | σωκίαι σωκίος σωκίσο | σακίε  σακίος σακίσο
And...that is it for the pronouns. I think. I'll see what I can get together on the adjectives before I go to bed. In declension they all are identical to some noun or other, so it's just a matter of finding and replacing the stems in Notepad, but it is half past four in the morning, my emotions are starting to crack, and I should probably get some sleep.
Last edited by dhok on Mon Dec 09, 2013 2:29 pm, edited 10 times in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Tidier Diachronics and Nouns)

Post by Drydic »

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Tidier Diachronics and Nouns)

Post by Drydic »

I'll look at this seriously in the morning, when I'm not punch-drunk and going WHEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted

Post by hwhatting »

FearfulJesuit wrote: ᵇ Ringe gives -mos, but this is a dialectal difference: Germanic and Balto-Slavic inherited -mos, most everyone else inherited -bʰos in some form. In Latin (and I think Greek) the ending was -ys, but -bʰos survived in the Latin third, fourth and fifth declensions. Currently the ending is a descendent of -bʰos is used, but -is is another possibility (the reflex would be άγρις, unless Szereményi's law decides to rear its ugly head [see below], in which case it will be άγρι.)
Well, in the classical Brugmannian reconstruction and also at wikipedia, -o:is only is reconstructed for the instr. pl. of the o-stems; it appears everywhere else (e.g. in the Greek or Latin -a: stems) only by analogical extension in the daughter languages. (Note: I personally think that the Ablative in *-ed, too, originally existed only in the thematic stems and spread frome there.)
ᶜ Here I'm pretty well confused. Ringe gives -ons, as do Mallory & Adams (I thought I'd brought Szereményi with me tonight, but it's in my dorm room. Regardless, most/all sources are agreeing on -ons). By Szereményi's Law, this should change ons -> ōn -> ō, but the only language where that seems to have happened is Sanskrit (and even there the -n was not dropped); in Greek and Latin the reflex is -ōs. I think -ōs was the etymon in Celtic, too, but I forgot to bring Stifter (NE: it was, or at least -ūs). Regardless, I'm confused: did Szereményi's Law not apply or something? (The same question applies in the dat/abl dual, which "should" have merged with the gen/loc dual). I have chosen not to apply Szereményi's in these forms since it seems like it wasn't applied, but if somebody knows what's really going on, I'll happily defer.
I'm not sure whether I really want to assume Szemerenyi's law, but the point seems to be that it would have applied relatively early, while the acc. pl., which I've seen explained as being derived from ASg. -m + Pl. -s, would have been formed later, when the plural case system became fully formed.
ᵃ I'm not entirely certain how the laryngeal is supposed to contract with the surrounding vowels here. I had thought that intervocalic laryngeals just dropped; but perhaps sequences -eHe- turn into a long vowel colored by the laryngeal instead?
Yep, that's the standard assumption - the laryngeal coloured the vowels before being dropped. That's why you get Latin -ae, Greek -a:i in the dative.
ᶜ Analogy again; early PIE feminines didn't seem to have a dual, or at least none that I can find.
In the classical reconstruction, the dual of the a:-stems is the same as the dual of the o-stem neuters

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Tidier Diachronics and Nouns)

Post by dhok »

OK, great, it looks like things are going pretty well. I have updated the dual of ā-stem feminines (though not the prehistory- I'll go back and do it at some point but right now I can't be assed).

Some new pronouns tonight, and then I'll try to do the adjectives (which just have recycled noun endings) tomorrow, and then we'll start verbs...those should be pretty clusterfucky.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Pronouns)

Post by Herra Ratatoskr »

Very interesting looking. I noticed that you use ψ in ναψ, but it isn't listed in the orthography. I'm assuming it's pronounced like it's Greek counterpart?

Also, I noticed that η is used for both /ɛ/ and /h/. Is there any definite way to tell the uses apart, like if η is before a vowel, it's /h/, or something like that? And when and where is this supposed to be spoken? I got the impression it was in the Iberian peninsula in the pre-roman times (which would explain the Greek orthography), but if so, how long was it spoken? Will there be any later forms of the language? Was it in the right time and spot to pick up any Punic influence?
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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Pronouns)

Post by dhok »

Herra Ratatoskr wrote:Very interesting looking. I noticed that you use ψ in ναψ, but it isn't listed in the orthography. I'm assuming it's pronounced like it's Greek counterpart?

Also, I noticed that η is used for both /ɛ/ and /h/. Is there any definite way to tell the uses apart, like if η is before a vowel, it's /h/, or something like that? And when and where is this supposed to be spoken? I got the impression it was in the Iberian peninsula in the pre-roman times (which would explain the Greek orthography), but if so, how long was it spoken? Will there be any later forms of the language? Was it in the right time and spot to pick up any Punic influence?
Yeah. Like I said, I didn't get to the exact phonotactics, but ψ and ξ are allowed word-finally, because f and h aren't.

Eta is used for both /ɛ/ and /h/, yes. They're easy to tell apart, though: /h/ can only occur between vowels, where /ɛ/ never strays, and /ɛ/ only exists as a stressed vowel, so it is always written ή except in monosyllables, unlike /h/, which, being a consonant, is never stressed.

Lusitanic is indeed spoken in Iberia just before the Romans, and yes, it does have some Punic influence, but that is largely (entirely?) lexical, and I haven't gotten around to adding any yet. I have a few ideas bopping around for daughters, yeah.

And don't worry, I haven't abandoned this. I'm just in a dry spot, I'll likely pick up again tomorrow or Monday.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Pronouns)

Post by Bristel »

I like this project. The work put into paying attention to PIE tonic systems and the complexity of nouns and verbs is making me want to continue pushing to get Aquitanian to the same level. Dewrad's Wenetic is the same kind of amazing work that is motivating me to be patient.

I'll have to look into how you described the sound changes in Lusitanic, as it seems to be a similar Western IE based conlang.

Keep at it, I'd love to see more!
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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Pronouns)

Post by dhok »

Thanks, Bristel! Yep, more is definitely coming down the pipe.

Adjectival Declension

OK, so I'm posting this section mainly for the sake of completeness before we move on to verbs (because the paradigms are not very interesting), and also because I should do something about the numerals, and this is the best section for those. The fact is that there is very little that is particularly interesting about the adjectives; the paradigms of inflection are the same as the nouns. But, anyhoo, here goes.

o/ā-stem adjectives

The most common class. These may be either rhizotonic or oxytonic. Unsurprisingly, they decline like an o-stem masculine in the masculine, an ā-stem feminine in the feminine, and an o-stem neuter. As such, no prehistory needs to be given for the rhizotonic μήθας, -ω, -αν, "middle" (nor does an oxytonic counterpart):

Code: Select all

        MASCULINE           FEMININE             NEUTER
    S      D     P       S     D      P       S     D      P
nom μήθας μήθω   μήθι   |μήθω  μήθι   μήθως  |μήθαν μήθι   μήθω
gen μήθι  μήθυς  μήθων  |μήθως μήθυς  μήθων  |μήθι  μήθυς  μήθων
dat μήθι  μήθαβω μήθαβας|μήθι  μήθαβω μήθωβως|μήθι  μήθαβω μήθαβας
acc μήθαν μήθω   μήθως  |μήθων μήθι   μήθως  |μήθαν μήθι   μήθω
abl μήθω  μήθαβω μήθαβας|μήθω  μήθαβω μήθωβως|μήθω  μήθαβω μήθαβας
loc μήθε  μήθυς  μήθισο |μήθι  μήθυς  μήθωσο |μήθε  μήθυς  μήθισο
voc μήθε  μήθω   μήθι   |μήθα  μήθι   μήθως  |μήθε  μήθω   μήθι
i/consonant-stems

These comprise not only PIE's standard i-stem adjectives but also the remnants of its consonant stem adjectives, which have (as in Latin and maaaybe Old Irish [OIr doesn't seem to retain a separate consonant-stem declension for adjectives, but I can't be assed to look up what they merged into]) long since merged into a single declension which steals and combines endings from both. (Generally speaking, the shorter endings- usually from the consonant declension- won out, but an epenthetic -ι- was often inserted.) As in both noun declensions, there is accent alternation (on the stem for the strong cases, ending for the weak), but unlike those declensions there is not ablaut alternation throughout the paradigm. (In some adjectives, however, a secondary stem alternation developed from stress vs. unstressed root vowels). Here is άκρις, άκρι "sharp":

Code: Select all

        MASC/FEM                NEUTER
    S      D       P       S      D       P
nom άκρις  άκρι    άκρες  |άκρι   άκρι    άκριω
gen ακρής  ακρώς   ακρών  |ακρής  ακρώς   ακριών
dat ακρή   ακρεβώ  ακρίβας|ακρή   ακρεβώ  ακρίβας
acc άκριν  άκρι    άκριας |άκρι   άκρι    άκριω
abl ακρέ   ακρεβώ  ακρίβας|ακρέ   ακρεβώ  ακρίβας
loc ακρί   ακρώς   ακρίσο |ακρί   ακριώς  ακρίσο
voc άκρι   άκρι    άκρες  |άκρι   άκρι    άκριω
u-stems

Basically the same drill as i-stem adjectives: masculines and feminines decline the same way, and the same accent alternation in all forms. Our example is τήνος, τήνο "thin" (accent analogized away from PIE *tenús). There is no ablaut alternation in this class, but in this particular example we will see a stress-triggered alternation between stressed τήν- and unstressed τεν-.

Code: Select all

        MASC/FEM                 NEUTER
    S      D        P       S      D       P
nom τήνος  τήνυ    τήνεβες|τήνο   τήνυ    τήνυω
gen τενώς  τενώβος τενήβων|τενώς  τενώβος  τενήβων
dat τενήβε τενώβιω τενόβας|τενήβε τενώβιω  τενόβας
acc τήνον  τήνυ    τήνυς  |τήνο   τήνυ     τήνυω
abl τενώ   τενώβιω τενόβας|τενώ   τενώβιω  τενόβας
loc τενώ   τενώβος τενόσο |τενώ   τενώβος  τενόσο
voc τήνο   τήνυ    τήνεβες|τήνο   τήνυ     τήνυω
That is it for adjectival declension patterns.

Comparative and Superlative Forms

These derive from the PIE suffixes -is-/-ist-, creating the comparative suffix -ισ- and the superlative -ιθ-, and were always rhizotonic o/ā-stems. As an example, from άκρις, άκρι is derived the comparative άκρισας, -ω -αν, and the superlative άκριθας, -ω -αν. I have not yet worked out the use of these constructions- that will come in the syntax section. There are also very likely some adjectives with irregular comparative or superlative forms; I have yet to work those out, as well. Consider this section momentarily incomplete.

Numerals

The last thing before we get to verbs (which are coming, I promise...eventually) are numerals. As in Latin or Greek, one through four decline. "One" (ήνας, ήνω, ήναν) is declined, of course, only in the singular, as a standard o-ā stem adjective:

Code: Select all

    M     F    N
nom ήνας  ήνω  ήναν
gen ήνι   ήνως ήνι
dat ήνι   ήνι  ήνι
acc ήναν  ήνων ήναν
abl ήνω   ήνω  ήνω
loc ήνε   ήνι  ήνε
voc ήνε   ήνω  ήναν
(While getting the reflex of this word it became apparent that my rules for diphthongs were proving difficult for the SCA to handle correctly, and I had to rework them. Hopefully the fix is right, but it may not be, and it may wreck havoc elsewhere. This is definitely the right reflex, though I'm going to have to work some other things through the SCA to get the diphthongs to handle correctly again. Sigh.)

δόβω, δόβι "two" derives from *dúwo-. It is, of course, only declined in the dual; the feminine and neuter have the same forms:

Code: Select all

    M     F/N
nom δόβω  δόβι
gen δόβυς δόβυς
dat δόβω  δόβω
acc δόβω  δόβι
abl δόβω  δόβω
loc δόβυς δόβυς
The expected dat/abl form across all genders would be **δόβαβω, but became *δόβω by syncope.

τρήιες, τιθρής, τρι "three" has a rather idiosyncratic declension, both synchronically and diachronically:

Code: Select all

    M        F         N
nom tréyes   tisrés    tríh₂
gen tṛyóhₓom tisróhₓom tṛyóhₓom
dat tribʰós  tisṛbʰós  tribʰós
acc tríns    tísrṇs*   tríh₂
abl tribʰós  tisṛbʰós  tribʰós
loc trisú    tisṛsú    trisú

nom τρήιες   τιθρής    τρι
gen τερών    τιθρών    τερών
dat τριβάς   τριβάς†   τριβάς
acc τρις     τίθρας    τρι
abl τριβάς   τριβάς†   τριβάς
loc τρισό    τρισό**   τρισό

*Sanskrit accents the ending, here, but this is, per Ringe, almost impossible to swallow. (It is difficult to believe for the fem. nom., too, but not impossible, which is why I have copied Sanskrit intact there.) Only Celtic and Indo-Iranian retain this feminine stem, and neither Celtic nor Iranian are of any help with the accent.

†Expected reflex τισερβάς syncopated to *τισρβάς -> τιρβάς, which, by analogy, swapped the position of the /r/, leading to a uniform dative/ablative.

**Similarly to the dat/abl, expected *τισερσό -> τισρσό -> τιρσό, where, again, the /r/ switched position.
Finally, κεθάρες, κήθρες*, κεθώρ, "four", like three, is a declension unto itself. An asterisk denotes forms in which syncope applied.

Code: Select all

    M           F            N
nom kʷetwóres   kʷétesres    kʷetwṓr
gen kʷeturóhₓom kʷetesróhₓom kʷeturóhₓom
dat kʷetwṛbʰós  kʷetesṛbʰós  kʷetwṛbʰós
acc kʷetwórṇs   kʷétesrṇs    kʷetwṓr
abl kʷetwṛbʰós  kʷetesṛbʰós  kʷetwṛbʰós
loc kʷetwṛsú    kʷetesṛsú    kʷetwṛsú    

nom κεθάρες     κήθρες*      κεθώρ
gen κετρών*     κεθρών*      κετρών*
dat κεθερβάς    κεσερβάς*    κεθερβάς
acc κεθάρας     κήθρας*      κεθώρ
abl κεθερβάς    κεσερβάς*    κεθερβάς
loc κεθερσό     κεσερσό*     κεθερσό
No numerals declined beyond this, but 5-10, 20 and 100 are provided for the sake of completion.

Code: Select all

pénkʷe   κήγκε  five
swéḱs    ϝήξ    six
septṃ́    σεϝήν  seven
oḱtṓw    αθύ    eight
néwṇ     νήβα   nine
déḱṃ     δήκα   ten
wī́ḱṃtih₁ ίκτι   twenty
ḱṃtóm    κατάν  hundred
That is it for adjectives. Next up will be verbs...it will be at least a couple days to get those together.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Adjectives and Numbers)

Post by dhok »

Verbs

Fuckin' finally.

So, just like Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, etc., Lusitanic has a fairly complex verbal system with a full array of tenses and moods. This is going to take some thinking through, but here's what has already been decided by Lusitanic's position within the family tree:

-The perfect and aorist have long since merged into a single preterite. There is no augment.
-There are two voices, active and passive, and the passive is marked by an -r in the endings.
-There is a subjunctive mood descending from a form with a thematic vowel ā. This thematic vowel also forms a denominative conjugation from nouns or adjectives, whose subjunctive derives from the PIE optative -yeh₁- attached the the ā, which was true of Latin ā-stems (I believe- that is where forms like amet derive from, yes?)

In addition to this:

-There is a progressive aspect derived from an affixed form of *steh₂.
-An imperfect tense has been innovated, from the 0-grade of *bʰew-.
-An old PIE desiderative formation has been pressed into service as a future.
-An infinitive has been innovated. It seems likely that there was some sort of PIE infinitive-like formation deriving from something like *-se(n), which would have produced both Greek's -εῖν and Latin's -re infinitives.

Therefore, here are the forms that will exist:

-The indicative mood has present, present progressive, imperfect, preterite, preterite progressive, pluperfect, future, future perfect, and future progressive tenses.
-The subjunctive has present, progressive, and perfect tenses.
-The imperative has present, progressive and future tenses.
-The infinitive and the participles have present, progressive and preterite (perfective) forms.
-All of these exist in both active and passive moods.

--------
The Lusitanic verbal system is complicated enough that verbs do not really fit into separate conjugations as in Latin, but must rather have a principle part system as in Greek. So far, it appears likely that the present indicative active, future indicative active, and preterite indicative active will be principle parts; there will probably be one or two others. We'll see. Paradigms to come.
Last edited by dhok on Thu Oct 03, 2013 5:54 pm, edited 1 time in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Adjectives and Numbers)

Post by hwhatting »

FearfulJesuit wrote: -There is a subjunctive mood descending from a form with a thematic vowel ā. This thematic vowel also forms a denominative conjugation from nouns or adjectives, whose subjunctive derives from the PIE optative -yeh₁- attached the the ā, which was true of Latin ā-stems (I believe- that is where forms like amet derive from, yes?)
As I said in your previous Lusitanic thread, that's one of the possible explanations.
-An infinitive has been innovated. It seems likely that there was some sort of PIE infinitive-like formation deriving from something like *-se(n), which would have produced both Greek's -εῖν and Latin's -re infinitives.
Generally, the assumption is that PIE didn't have any infinitive; what is reconstructed is various verbal noun formations, of which certain case forms (mostly locatives and accusatives) have been developed into infinitives in most of the daughter languages. IIRC, Vedic and Old Irish are examples for IE languages that hadn't developed a fixed infinitive formation yet. You're right that Greek and Latin have infinitives based on -s- stems (in the case of Greek, expanded into *-s-en-).

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Verbs, Outline)

Post by Hallow XIII »

Irish STILL doesn't have one. Scottish Gaelic does, though; it is formed by leniting the Verbal Noun (which is mostly a Present Participle, really).
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sex want-PRS-1sg
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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Verbs, Outline)

Post by dhok »

I've decided to form an infinitive, then, from *-se.

Verbal Paradigms

So right now, before we go further, we need to dig into the principle part system. There are five principle parts (at least for now):

a) Present Indicative Active, third person singular.
b) Present Infinitive Active.
c) Future Indicative Active, third person singular.
d) Preterite Indicative Active, third person singular- I'm somewhat confused about how to derive this, since Italo-Celtic merged the aorist and perfect early on. It is clear that the stem will derive from a variety of sources- s-aorists, reduplicated perfects, maybe a handful of root aorists, etc. etc. Therefor, for right now, no form appears.
e. Perfect Passive Participle. This may not necessarily be very important depending on how the perfect passive system is formulated.

In addition, right now, there are three ending classes, at least in the present system. Note that almost all verbs became thematic by the time of Lusitanic. There will be a few athematic relics, but they'll just be treated as irregular verbs. There has been a lot of levelling and analogization: the infix presents act like themotonic thematics, many root alternations have been straightened out, etc.

a) Denominative verbs (1st conjugation) are cognate to Latin 1st conjugation verbs in -āre and (I think at least some) Old Irish weak verbs. They are the most regular class. Our example will be θυμώτ, θυμώσε, σίθυϝετ, ???, θυϝάς, "to smoke" (as in to smoke meat).

b) Themotonic standard verbs (2nd conjugation) are verbs with the standard ablauting e/o thematic vowel, with the stress on the thematic vowel in the present. Our example is ριγκήτ, ριγκήσε, ρίβεϝετ, ???, ρίϝας "to abandon, break up with".

c) Rhizotonic standard verbs (3rd conjugation) are like themotonic verbs, but their stress is on the stem in the present. Example βήηετ, βήηεσε, βίβερσετ, ???, βερτάς, "to bring, carry, bear".



Present Indicative Active

To form this tense, remove the final -ωτ, -ήτ or -ετ from the first principle part, and have at it:

Code: Select all

DENOMINATIVE
  S       D          P
1 dʰūmā́h₂ dʰūmā́wos   dʰūmā́mes
2 dʰūmā́si dʰūmā́th₁es dʰūmā́te
3 dʰūmā́ti dʰūmā́tes   dʰūmā́nti

  S       D          P
1 θυμώ    θυμώβας    θυμώμες
2 θυμώς   θυμώτες    θυμώτε
3 θυμώτ   θυμώτες    θυμάν

STANDARD THEMOTONIC
  S        D         P
1 linkʷóh₂ linkʷówos linkʷómes
2 linkʷési linkʷétes linkʷéte
3 linkʷéti linkʷétes linkʷónti

  S        D         P
1 ριγκώ    ριγκώς    ριγκάμες
2 ριγκής   ριγκήτες  ριγκήτε
3 ριγκήτ   ριγκήτες  ριγκάν

STANDARD RHIZOTONIC
  S       D        P
1 bʰéroh₂ bʰérowos bʰéromes
2 bʰéresi bʰéretes bʰérete
3 bʰéreti bʰéretes bʰéronti

  S       D        P
1 βήηω    βήηως    βήηαμες
2 βήηες   βήηετες  βήηετε
3 βήηετ   βήηετες  βήηαν
Present Progressive Indicative Active

This derives from an unaccented conjugated form of *steh₂- attached to the present stem, with thematic vowel -e- for non-denominatives. *steh₂- was an athematic, so the conjugation is slightly wonky. Only the conjugation of θυμώσε needs to be presented; note that where a θ fails to show up in the ending, syncope has applied.

Code: Select all

  S           D              P
1 dʰūmā́steh₂m dʰūmā́sth₂uos   dʰūmā́sth₂mes
2 dʰūmā́steh₂s dʰūmā́sth₂tom   dʰūmā́sth₂te
3 dʰūmā́steh₂t dʰūmā́sth₂teh₂m dʰūmā́sth₂nd

  S       D          P
1 θυμώθων θυμώθας    θυμώσμες
2 θυμώθως θυμώσταν   θυμώστε
3 θυμώθωτ θυμώστων   θυμώθαν
Imperfect Indicative Active

This derives from an affixed form of *bhew-, in zero-form, with secondary endings, attached to the verb. Again, only the relevant forms of θυμώσε will be shown; this is conjugated like the present progressive with the endings swapped. Where -πτ- appears, syncope has applied (and also in the first person plural).

Code: Select all

  S         D             P
1 dʰūmā́bʰum dʰūmā́bʰuos    dʰūmā́bʰumes
2 dʰūmā́bʰus dʰūmā́bʰutom   dʰūmā́bʰute
3 dʰūmā́bʰut dʰūmā́bʰuteh₂m dʰūmā́bʰund

  S       D        P
1 θυμώβον θυμώβας  θυμώμβες
2 θυμώβος θυμώπταν θυμώπτε
3 θυμώβοτ θυμώπτων θυμώβον
Present Subjunctive Active

The thematic vowel descends from *āy for denominative verbs and *ā for everyone else. The same stress as in the present indicative active applies. Bottoms up:

Code: Select all

DENOMINATIVE
  S         D           P
1 dʰūmā́yh₂  dʰūmā́ywos   dʰūmā́ymes
2 dʰūmā́ysi  dʰūmā́yth₁es dʰūmā́yte
3 dʰūmā́yti  dʰūmā́ytes   dʰūmā́ynti

  S        D           P
1 θυμαί    θυμαίβας    θυμαίμες
2 θυμαίς   θυμαίτες    θυμαίτε
3 θυμαίτ   θυμαίτες    θυμαίν

STANDARD THEMOTONIC
  S        D         P
1 linkʷā́h₂ linkʷā́wos linkʷā́mes
2 linkʷā́si linkʷā́tes linkʷā́te
3 linkʷā́ti linkʷā́tes linkʷā́nti

  S        D         P
1 ριγκώ    ριγκώβας  ριγκώμες
2 ριγκώς   ριγκώτες  ριγκώτε
3 ριγκώτ   ριγκώτες  ριγκών

STANDARD RHIZOTONIC
  S       D        P
1 bʰérāh₂ bʰérāwos bʰérāmes
2 bʰérāsi bʰérātes bʰérāte
3 bʰérāti bʰérātes bʰérānti

  S       D        P
1 βήηω    βήηωβας  βήηωμες
2 βήηως   βήηωτες  βήηωτε
3 βήηωτ   βήηωτες  βήηων
Aaaaand...that's it for now, basically. The imperative should be relatively straightforward, the present active infinitive was already given, and I don't want to work on the future at the moment. Hopefully these tasty paradigms should sate your appetite.

Progressive Subjunctive Active

This was originally the standard thematic vowel plus the subjunctive of steh₂-; but by analogy the thematic vowel of the main verb was subjunctivized too. Stress and thematic vowel is as in the present subjunctive active, with new endings. Synchronically, this looks identical to the present subjunctive active with a -θω- inserted directly after the thematic vowel (by analogy, some forms where syncope would have happened didn't):

Code: Select all

  S              D                 P
1 dʰūmā́ysteh₂oh₂ dʰūmā́ysteh₂owos   dʰūmā́ysteh₂omes
2 dʰūmā́ysteh₂esi dʰūmā́ysteh₂etes   dʰūmā́ysteh₂ete
3 dʰūmā́ysteh₂eti dʰūmā́ysteh₂etes   dʰūmā́ysteh₂onti

  S        D           P
1 θυμαίθω  θυμαίθωβας  θυμαίθωμες
2 θυμαίθως θυμαίθωτες  θυμαίθωτε
3 θυμαίθωτ θυμαίθωτες  θυμαίθων
Imperfect Subjunctive Active
This is the imperfect indicative active with the present subjunctive thematic vowel:

Code: Select all

  S        D         P
1 θυμαίβον θυμαίβας  θυμαίμβες
2 θυμαίβος θυμαίπταν θυμαίπτε
3 θυμαίβοτ θυμαίπτων θυμαίβον
Last edited by dhok on Mon Dec 09, 2013 3:13 pm, edited 3 times in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Verbs: First Paradigms!)

Post by dhok »

The Passive Voice

As in Italic, Celtic or Tocharian, the Lusitanic passive derives from the PIE r-passive. The passive is formed the same way as the active, basically, but with different endings. Only the forms of θυμώσε need be presented.

Present Indicative Passive

Code: Select all

  S       D          P
1 dʰūmā́h₂r dʰūmā́wor   dʰūmā́mer
2 dʰūmā́ser dʰūmā́th₁er dʰūmā́ster*
3 dʰūmā́tor dʰūmā́ter   dʰūmā́ntor

*By analogy with the 2p of "to be".

  S       D       P
1 θυμώρ   θυμώβαρ θυμώμερ
2 θυμώσερ θυμώτερ θυμώθερ
3 θυμώταρ θυμώτερ θυμάνταρ
e/o-stem verbs are fairly easy; their thematic vowel is always from *e, so themotonic -ή-, rhizotonic -ε-. But note that -ωρ, -ώρ is always the 1s ending.

Present Subjunctive Passive

Same as the indicative, but with thematic vowel -αί- for denominatives and -ω- for everyone else:

Code: Select all

  S         D           P
1 dʰūmā́yh₂r dʰūmā́ywor   dʰūmā́ymer
2 dʰūmā́yser dʰūmā́yth₁er dʰūmā́yster
3 dʰūmā́ytor dʰūmā́yter   dʰūmā́yntor

  S        D        P
1 θυμαίρ   θυμαίβαρ θυμαίμερ
2 θυμαίσερ θυμαίτερ θυμαίθερ
3 θυμαίταρ θυμαίτερ θυμαίνταρ
Present Progressive Indicative Passive

By analogy, this has just become the present progressive indicative active with the endings switched; but note the anomolous 1d form.

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  S         D          P
1 θυμώθωρ   θυμώθαρ    θυμώσμερ
2 θυμώθωσερ θυμώστερ   θυμώστεθερ
3 θυμώθωταρ θυμώστερ   θυμώθανταρ
Present Progressive Subjunctive Passive

Again, with a thematic vowel switch.

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  S          D           P
1 θυμαίθωρ   θυμαίθαρ    θυμαίσμερ
2 θυμαίθωσερ θυμαίστερ   θυμαίστεθερ
3 θυμαίθωταρ θυμαίστερ   θυμαίθανταρ
Imperfect Indicative Passive

Again, from the zero-grade of *bhew-, with affixed passive endings:

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  S         D        P
1 θυμώβορ   θυμώβαρ  θυμώμβερ
2 θυμώβοσερ θυμώπταρ θυμώπτερ
3 θυμώβοταρ θυμώπταρ θυμώβονταρ
Imperfect Subjunctive Passive

Like the indicative, with the subjunctive thematic vowel:

Code: Select all

  S          D         P
1 θυμαίβορ   θυμαίβαρ  θυμαίμβερ
2 θυμαίβοσερ θυμαίπταρ θυμαίπτερ
3 θυμαίβοταρ θυμαίπταρ θυμαίβονταρ
Last edited by dhok on Mon Dec 09, 2013 3:15 pm, edited 1 time in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Verbs: First Paradigms!)

Post by dhok »

A quick side-tour to the imperative. Here are the present imperative active forms. Note that the imperative has its own peculiar stress pattern; therefore ριγκήσε and βήρεσε conjugate the same way. (Some rhizotonics have special imperative stems in this case; βήηεσε conjugates βεηή βεηήταν βεηετή.)

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S     D        P
dʰūmā́ dʰūmā́tom dʰūmāté
θυμώ! θυμώταν! θυμωτή!

linkʷé! linkʷétom! linkʷeté!
ριγκή!  ριγκήταν!  ριγκετή!
Last edited by dhok on Mon Dec 09, 2013 12:54 am, edited 1 time in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Verbs: First Paradigms!)

Post by dhok »

The Perfect System

So at this point we should do the perfect. (I should actually do the future, too...but that can wait.) As in the rest of Italo-Celtic, what I call the "perfect" is really a mishmash of the PIE aorist and perfect systems, and essentially signifies a perfective-ish aspect. The perfect stems are a hodgepodge mixture of reduplication, the s-aorist, and occasionally ablaut or deletion of a nasal infix. However, for denominative verbs, which were the only productive class by the time the language was written down, only the s-aorist survived: inf. θυμώσε, perfect θυϝετά.

Note that the perfect does not have any progressive aspectual forms.

Perfect Indicative Active

Here are the endings and the reflexes.

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-h₂é    -édʰh₂ -emédʰh₂
-eth₂és -etóm  -edʰh₂ué
-etó    -etā́m  -ṇtó

θυϝά    θυϝήθα  θυϝεμήθα
θυϝετάς θυϝετάν θυϝεθή
θυϝετά  θυϝετών θυϝατά
Pluperfect Indicative Active
This derives from the perfect of *bʰew- affixed to the verb. It is attached to the perfect stem as well. Note the effects of syncope.

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-ebʰuh₂é   -ebʰúdʰh₂ -ebʰumédʰh₂
-ebʰuth₂és -ebʰutóm  -ebʰudʰh₂ué
-ebʰutó    -ebʰutā́m  -ebʰuntó
 
θυϝεβώ   θυϝεβόθα θυϝεμβήθα
θυϝεπτάς θυϝεπτάν θυϝεπθή
θυϝεπτά  θυϝεπτών θυϝεβατά
Perfect Subjunctive Active

In all conjugations, the thematic vowel has been replaced by -*o, leading to -α-; there was also a final -y. Accent in e/o-verbs reverts to the stem, and to the thematic vowel in denominatives. There is a final -y particle in some forms.

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-oh₂ey  -osdʰh₂ -omosdʰh₂
-oth₂ey -otom   -odʰh₂ue
-otoy   -otām   -ontoy

θυϝαί  θυϝάθα  θυϝάμαθα
θυϝάτε θυϝάταν θυϝάθε
θυϝάτι θυϝάτων θυϝάντι
Pluperfect Subjunctive Active
Derives from the perfect subjunctive of *bhew-, accented. Note the effects of syncope.

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-ebʰéwoh₂ey  -ebʰéwosdʰh₂ -ebʰéwomosdʰh₂
-ebʰéwoth₂ey -ebʰéwotom   -ebʰéwodʰh₂ue
-ebʰéwotoy   -ebʰéwotām   -ebʰéwontoy

θυϝεβήβαι θυϝεβήπθα  θυϝεβήμβαθα
θυϝεβήπτε θυϝεβήπταν θυϝεβήπθε
θυϝεβήπτι θυϝεβήπτων θυϝεβήβαντι
At this point I'll have to figure out how to do the perfect passive- it derived from a participle in both Old Irish and Latin, so I'm not sure what I'll do. I might have synthetic forms, or use "to be" as an auxiliary, we'll see.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Verbs: Perfect System)

Post by Herra Ratatoskr »

*whistles*

Most impressive. I'm liking the progressives quite a bit.
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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Verbs: Perfect System)

Post by ObsequiousNewt »

No ablaut? :(


Ο ορανς τα ανα̨ριθομον ϝερρον εͱεν ανθροποτροφον.
Το̨ ανθροπς αυ̨τ εκψον επ αθο̨ οραναμο̨ϝον.
Θαιν. Θαιν. Θαιν. Θαιν. Θαιν. Θαιν. Θαιν.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Verbs: Perfect System)

Post by dhok »

ObsequiousNewt wrote:No ablaut? :(

Oh, there is in some verbs' perfect stems, and I think their futures. But it isn't actively productive.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: ιήσε νε ιήσεβι)

Post by dhok »

Here's the conjugation of ιήθα, ιήσε, βίβοσι, βοστά, ---, "to be". There is no passive voice.

Present Indicative

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h₁ésmi h₁swós   h₁smós
h₁ési  h₁stés   h₁sté
h₁ésti h₁sth₁és h₁sénti

ιήσμα* ϝάς  μάς
ιής    θής  θή
ιήθα*  θής  σήν

*Epenthetic -α.
Present Progressive Indicative
This derives from *steh₂ attached to the h₁é- stem; synchronically the appearance is that of a standard verb with suppletive stem ιή-:

Code: Select all

  S     D      P
1 ιήθων ιήθας  ιήσμες
2 ιήθως ιήσταν ιήστε
3 ιήθωτ ιήστων ιήθαν
Imperfect Indicative
This derives from *bhu-, like the imperfect affixes on standard verbs, but the endings were attached to the e-grade of the verb instead, producing:

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  S     D         P
1 bʰéwm bʰéwos    bʰéwmes
2 bʰéws bʰéwtom   bʰéwte
3 bʰéwt bʰéwteh₂m bʰéwnd

  S   D     P
1 βων βήβας βώμες
2 βως βώταν βώτε
3 βωτ βώτων βων
Present Subjunctive
This is fairly standard, with the *-ā attached to *h₁es-, producing a standard e/o-class subjunctive with root ιήσ-:

Code: Select all


  S     D       P
1 ιήσω  ιήσωβας ιήσωμες
2 ιήσως ιήσωτες ιήσωτε
3 ιήσωτ ιήσωτες ιήσων
Progressive Subjunctive
In origin, this derived from a reanalyzation of the present progressive to produce a new stem *ιήθωθω; then the θ's dissimilated to produce a stem *ιήσωθω-, which then syncopated to produce ιήστω-:

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  S      D        P
1 ιήστω  ιήστωβας ιήστωμες
2 ιήστως ιήστωτες ιήστωτε
3 ιήστωτ ιήστωτες ιήστων
Imperfect Subjunctive
By analogy with other imperfect subjunctive forms, this is a change in vowel:

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  S    D      P
1 βαιν βαίβας βαίμες
2 βαις βαίταν βαίτε
3 βαιτ βαίτων βαιν
Perfect System

This is regular beyond the present indicative, with a theoretical princple part βοσετά; but syncope has created an irregular perfect indicative:

Code: Select all

  S      D      P
1 βοσά   βοσήθα βοσμήθα
2 βοστάς βοστάν βοστή
3 βοστά  βοστών βοσατά
The Perfect Passive
This is formed with the past participle (final principle part) plus a form of "to be"; but unlike Latin the perfect, not the present, system of "to be" is used.
Last edited by dhok on Mon Dec 09, 2013 3:17 pm, edited 1 time in total.

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Re: Lusitanic Rebooted (NP: Story Time)

Post by dhok »

I'll get to the future in a bit. Meanwhile, story time:

άβις ιήπικε

Καμβή, άβις σωκίω σήπα¹ ρώνω βωτ ιήπως ϝεηετά, ήναν σώσεντα σερσάν βρον, ήναν βήηεντα βήρμα θυράν, ήναγκε βήηεντα ιηάν ωκυστί².

¹Lusitanic has no real word for "to have"; instead one says that something is with (καν) or without (σήπα) something.
²The adverbial ending derives from the stem of the adjective, to which the ending -h₁sṇtíh₁ was originally added; the informed may recognize this as the instrumental singular of a participle derived from *h₁es-. Basically, this was originally a sort of absolute construction, the meaning being "with X being (adjective); this fossilized into a set of adverbial endings (a/o-stem -ωστί, i-stem -ιστί, u-stem -υστί).

Τω άβις τιβας ιήπαβας τοϝώ³ βοστά: "Τι σερ μίαν⁴ με ροιώθωτ, ϝήσεντα ιηάν άιεντα ιήπως." Ιήπι σι τοϝί βοσατά: "Κρωσή, άβι, τιω σήρδω νάθρω⁴ ως ροιάν ϝαδώ ϝήσεμες σί: ιηάς, ρεξ, ρώνω⁵ αβής ιήθραν ηερμάν σήβα κερσήτ. Ιήτ άβις σήπα ρώνω ιήθα." Κεπρήψε⁶ σι, άβις άγραν βεϝάς βοστά.
³"Speak" is deponent.
⁴Possessive adjective.
⁵The case government of κερσήσε dictates that the man must make the garment (accusative) from the wool (ablative) of the sheep.
⁶Perfect active participle in the locative absolute.
Last edited by dhok on Mon Dec 09, 2013 12:55 am, edited 5 times in total.

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