The Correspondence Library
Oh, no, not again...Xeon wrote:I would like to put in a request for PIE - Sanskrit sound changes.
The board just put your post on a nonexistant page. Again.
Ah, well, it should fix itself after this post.
As for the sound changes, well, I have yet to find a good source with those changes, but I'll keep looking.
EDIT: Yep, it fixed itself.
http://www.veche.net/
http://www.veche.net/novegradian - Grammar of Novegradian
http://www.veche.net/alashian - Grammar of Alashian
http://www.veche.net/novegradian - Grammar of Novegradian
http://www.veche.net/alashian - Grammar of Alashian
- Åge Kruger
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Tack ska du ha!gsandi wrote:Einar Haugen: Scandinavian Language Structures: A Comparative Historical Survey. U of Minnesota Press, 1982.?ge Kruger wrote:Anyone know the changes concerning the Northern Germanic languages? Or where to find them? (Preferably starting at Common Germanic.)
It's all there, in tabulated form. A good, concentrated read.
Taking a lookat the University catalogue, Einar Haugen seems to have written quite the number of linguistic treats:
Blessings of Babel : bilingualism and language planning ; problems and pleasures
First grammatical treatise : the earliest Germanic phonology / an edition, translation [from the Old Norse] and commentary
Ibsen's drama : author to audience (Okay, not strictly linguistic, but it caught my eye)
Language conflict and language planning : the case of modern Norwegian
Language as a human problem
And much much more. Total 26 titles under one name, and some more under another.
[quote="Soviet Russia"]If you can't join them, beat them.[/quote]
Good that this got revived. I just got an article (Janhunen, Juha; 1981, Uralilaisen kantakielen sanastoa, [Proto Uralic vocabulary]) in which the writer reconstructs the sound changes from PU to Proto Samoyedic and Proto Finno Permic (an interesting choise but he gave good reasons why to exclude the Ugric branch; anyway Proto Finno Permic and Proto Finno Ugric cannot be very far from each other). I'll use the same othography as the article with slite changes so that:
? = /Q/
? = /7/
y = /1/
@ = /@/
?/' = palatalization
δ = /D/
x = laryngeal, could have been /? h x/ or even a vowel, it's not even present in every reconstructions
PU phonemes
PU > Proto Samoyedic
stressed syllable:
o > ? / when the following vowel didn't disappear
u > @ / when ?,? in the following syllable, or when a later disappeared y,i in the folowing syllable expect when the original syllable medial C was l or x
y > ? / in developed Proto Samoyed's closed syllables and in special vowel sequences
? > i
i > @ / before original syllable final l
e > i
? > e
plus due to irregular development and new vocabulary new phonemes
?, ? and possibly also ?
unstressed syllable:
? > ? / before original syllable medial l
?,? > @ / due to following (later disappeared) j or w
y,i > @ / after original closed stressed syllable or single δ',ń, or a following (later disappeared) syllable final j or w
y,i > ? / after original open stressed syllable or a x-initial C clusters
consonants:
s > t
ś > s
δ > r
δ' > j
l > j / word initially and syllable finally including when syllable final due to secondary development
w,j > ? / when word final in unstressed syllables
x > @ / _C
x > ? / _V
kt, ks, sk > t
śk > s
ck > c
pp > p
possibly also other C cluster changes including general shortening of geminates but the material doesn't provide any examples; PSam also possibly got secondarily a new ś
PU > Proto Finno Permic
stressed syllable:
o > u / in open syllables if y,i in the unstressed syllable
? > a
y > a
Vx > V: / _C
V: > V / _CC or if a,? in the unstressed syllable
a: > o:
?: > e:
unstressed syllable:
y > i
consonants:
There seems to be no changes petween PU and PFP, only the appearance of the new phonemes ć, l' and ?. The remaining x's must also have vocalized before the end of PFP period.
All data here is according to the cited article. Note that other sources (such as Uralisches etymologisches W?rterbuch) reconstruct the unstressed vowel system rather as /a ? e/. And others like to reconstruct long vowels rather than x into PU (though that doesn't explain the PSam @).
? = /Q/
? = /7/
y = /1/
@ = /@/
?/' = palatalization
δ = /D/
x = laryngeal, could have been /? h x/ or even a vowel, it's not even present in every reconstructions
PU phonemes
Code: Select all
vowels, stressed (first) syllable
i ? y u
e o
? ?
vowels, unstressed syllables
i y
? ?
consonants
p t k
c
s ś
m n ń η
δ δ'
r
l
w j
x
PU > Proto Samoyedic
stressed syllable:
o > ? / when the following vowel didn't disappear
u > @ / when ?,? in the following syllable, or when a later disappeared y,i in the folowing syllable expect when the original syllable medial C was l or x
y > ? / in developed Proto Samoyed's closed syllables and in special vowel sequences
? > i
i > @ / before original syllable final l
e > i
? > e
plus due to irregular development and new vocabulary new phonemes
?, ? and possibly also ?
unstressed syllable:
? > ? / before original syllable medial l
?,? > @ / due to following (later disappeared) j or w
y,i > @ / after original closed stressed syllable or single δ',ń, or a following (later disappeared) syllable final j or w
y,i > ? / after original open stressed syllable or a x-initial C clusters
consonants:
s > t
ś > s
δ > r
δ' > j
l > j / word initially and syllable finally including when syllable final due to secondary development
w,j > ? / when word final in unstressed syllables
x > @ / _C
x > ? / _V
kt, ks, sk > t
śk > s
ck > c
pp > p
possibly also other C cluster changes including general shortening of geminates but the material doesn't provide any examples; PSam also possibly got secondarily a new ś
PU > Proto Finno Permic
stressed syllable:
o > u / in open syllables if y,i in the unstressed syllable
? > a
y > a
Vx > V: / _C
V: > V / _CC or if a,? in the unstressed syllable
a: > o:
?: > e:
unstressed syllable:
y > i
consonants:
There seems to be no changes petween PU and PFP, only the appearance of the new phonemes ć, l' and ?. The remaining x's must also have vocalized before the end of PFP period.
All data here is according to the cited article. Note that other sources (such as Uralisches etymologisches W?rterbuch) reconstruct the unstressed vowel system rather as /a ? e/. And others like to reconstruct long vowels rather than x into PU (though that doesn't explain the PSam @).
Interesting.... if it was a vowel, what would it be?gach wrote:x = laryngeal, could have been /? h x/ or even a vowel, it's not even present in every reconstructions
[quote="Amaya"]Every now and then, the world tries to say something. I'm never quite sure whether or not to listen to it at times like that.[/quote]
Could have been /@/ or such. Yet another possible phonetic value to it is /G/ which I remembered only after posting the changes. It would pattern with the /D/ and /D_j/. But then /?/ would pattern perfectly with the stops /p t k/. But really, nobody has an idea what it really was.Ahribar wrote:Interesting.... if it was a vowel, what would it be?gach wrote:x = laryngeal, could have been /? h x/ or even a vowel, it's not even present in every reconstructions
I looked through an article on early IE loans in Uralic (Koivulehto, Jorma; 1999, Varhaiset indoeurooppalaiskontaktit: aika ja paikka lainasanojen valossa) and found one loan from PIE to PFUgr. in which a PIE laryngeal has been loaned as the Uralic /x/:
PFUgr. toxi- (or toxe- as it gave it) "to bring, to give" < PIE doH3- (sorry, no PIE meaning is given)
That must be the root meaning "to give", which we have in Latin dare "give", do:num "gift"; Vedic dada:ti "gives", Greek dido:mi "I give", do:ron "gift", Russian dat' "give", dar "gift", etc.gach wrote:I looked through an article on early IE loans in Uralic (Koivulehto, Jorma; 1999, Varhaiset indoeurooppalaiskontaktit: aika ja paikka lainasanojen valossa) and found one loan from PIE to PFUgr. in which a PIE laryngeal has been loaned as the Uralic /x/:
PFUgr. toxi- (or toxe- as it gave it) "to bring, to give" < PIE doH3- (sorry, no PIE meaning is given)
Best regards,
Hans-Werner
- civman2000
- Sanci
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Request: Proto-Germanic to Old English and also the effects of /x/ on preceding vowels in Middle English.
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GUDA
According to some, this happened in a certain order.Siride wrote:From IE to common Germanic:
Consonants
bh, dh, gh > B, D, G
b, d, g > p, t, k
p, t, k > f, T, x > B, D, G (except initially or following IE stress, in which case they remained f, T, x)
p, t, k > f, T, x left no p, t, or k, which is awkward. So b, d, g > p, t, k to fill the missing spots. Then it seemed weird to have aspirated voiced stops, but no plain voiced stops so b_h, d_h, g_h > b, d, g. Also, k_w, g_w, g_wh > hw, gw (or w), gw in that order.
Back from the dead!
http://boomajoom.livejournal.com/
[img]http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v432/boomajoom/kokopelli.gif[/img]
http://boomajoom.livejournal.com/
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Didn't they sometimes become full labials, though? I can't remember exactly how, but I do remember something like that.boomajoom wrote:According to some, this happened in a certain order.Siride wrote:From IE to common Germanic:
Consonants
bh, dh, gh > B, D, G
b, d, g > p, t, k
p, t, k > f, T, x > B, D, G (except initially or following IE stress, in which case they remained f, T, x)
p, t, k > f, T, x left no p, t, or k, which is awkward. So b, d, g > p, t, k to fill the missing spots. Then it seemed weird to have aspirated voiced stops, but no plain voiced stops so b_h, d_h, g_h > b, d, g. Also, k_w, g_w, g_wh > hw, gw (or w), gw in that order.
- NTiOzymandias
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Not quite. First they went to v, D, G, etc., and reverted to voiced stops inconsistently in the various daughter langs.boomajoom wrote: Then it seemed weird to have aspirated voiced stops, but no plain voiced stops so b_h, d_h, g_h > b, d, g.
The pig go. Go is to the fountain. The pig put foot. Grunt. Foot in what? ketchup. The dove fly. Fly is in sky. The dove drop something. The something on the pig. The pig disgusting.
Japanese, Japonic languages
Intervocalically:
pa ? wa
pi ? i
pu ? u
pe ? o
po ? o
Monophthongisation: (via [p] ? [p\] ? [w])
apu, au ? o:
epu, eu ? jo:
ipu, iu ? ju:
opu, owo ? o:
opo ? o: (orthographical reflex, <oo?)
upu ? uu
The most obvious reflex of this change is the Kansai adverbial form:
(haya.i "early") haya + u ? hayou
(utsukushi.i "beautiful") utsukushi + u ? utsukushuu
And in the volitional / probable form:
(da(.ru) copula) da.ra + u ? darou
(de.su copula) de.se + u ? deshou
(ima.su polite aux.) ima.se + u ? imashou
(i.ku "to go") i.ka + u ? ikou
Realisation of p-series syllables in word-initial position:
[pa] ? [p\a] ? [ha]
[pi] ? [p\i] ? [hi]
[pu] ? [p\u]
[pe] ? [p\e] ? [he]
[po] ? [p\o] ? [ho]
The [p] realisation is retained in Ry?kyu languages.
Some other older sound changes:
? [w]
[d] ? [y]
This is seen in some Ry?kyu languages (specifically, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yoniguni): [ba], [da], [du] and [dama] are cognate with Japanese [wa] 1st person [ya] "house" [yu] "hot water" [yama] "mountain".
Merger:
/Zi/, /dZi/ ? [Zi] ~ [dZi] (varies by speaker)
/zu/, /dzu/ ? [zu] ~ [dzu] (varies by speaker)
Elision:
/i/ and /u/ are occasionally lost:
"to embrace" /idaku/ ? /daku/
"to leave" /ideru/ ? /deru/
Some dialects completely lose unvoiced /i/ and /u/.
/ki/ turns into /i/ in some places:
Adjectives:
"early" /hayaki/ ? /hayai/
"beautiful" /utsukushiki/ ? /utsukushii/
Verbs:
"to open (perfect past)" /akita/ ? /aita/
"to embrace (-te)" /dakite/ ? /daite/
"to swim (-te)" /oyogite/ ? /oyoide/
/ku/ turns into /u/ in the Kansai adverbial form, which leads to further sound changes, noted above.
/ri/, /ru/ is completely lost in a few places:
perfect past aux. /tari/ ? /ta/
copula (rentaikei) /naru/ ? /na/ (/naru/ is preserved is a few places)
There's a further set of sound changes for the only known sister languages of Japanese, Ry?kyu - but I'm too lazy to type them up now.
Intervocalically:
pa ? wa
pi ? i
pu ? u
pe ? o
po ? o
Monophthongisation: (via [p] ? [p\] ? [w])
apu, au ? o:
epu, eu ? jo:
ipu, iu ? ju:
opu, owo ? o:
opo ? o: (orthographical reflex, <oo?)
upu ? uu
The most obvious reflex of this change is the Kansai adverbial form:
(haya.i "early") haya + u ? hayou
(utsukushi.i "beautiful") utsukushi + u ? utsukushuu
And in the volitional / probable form:
(da(.ru) copula) da.ra + u ? darou
(de.su copula) de.se + u ? deshou
(ima.su polite aux.) ima.se + u ? imashou
(i.ku "to go") i.ka + u ? ikou
Realisation of p-series syllables in word-initial position:
[pa] ? [p\a] ? [ha]
[pi] ? [p\i] ? [hi]
[pu] ? [p\u]
[pe] ? [p\e] ? [he]
[po] ? [p\o] ? [ho]
The [p] realisation is retained in Ry?kyu languages.
Some other older sound changes:
? [w]
[d] ? [y]
This is seen in some Ry?kyu languages (specifically, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yoniguni): [ba], [da], [du] and [dama] are cognate with Japanese [wa] 1st person [ya] "house" [yu] "hot water" [yama] "mountain".
Merger:
/Zi/, /dZi/ ? [Zi] ~ [dZi] (varies by speaker)
/zu/, /dzu/ ? [zu] ~ [dzu] (varies by speaker)
Elision:
/i/ and /u/ are occasionally lost:
"to embrace" /idaku/ ? /daku/
"to leave" /ideru/ ? /deru/
Some dialects completely lose unvoiced /i/ and /u/.
/ki/ turns into /i/ in some places:
Adjectives:
"early" /hayaki/ ? /hayai/
"beautiful" /utsukushiki/ ? /utsukushii/
Verbs:
"to open (perfect past)" /akita/ ? /aita/
"to embrace (-te)" /dakite/ ? /daite/
"to swim (-te)" /oyogite/ ? /oyoide/
/ku/ turns into /u/ in the Kansai adverbial form, which leads to further sound changes, noted above.
/ri/, /ru/ is completely lost in a few places:
perfect past aux. /tari/ ? /ta/
copula (rentaikei) /naru/ ? /na/ (/naru/ is preserved is a few places)
There's a further set of sound changes for the only known sister languages of Japanese, Ry?kyu - but I'm too lazy to type them up now.
書不盡言、言不盡意
- Drydic
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here they are.Trebor wrote:cool thread; i would like to place a request for pie > albanian sound changes, and whatever comes in between.
1. all stops change to something else, including the original stops.
2. The vowels go batshit.
3. The Romans conquer Illyria, and introduce the GameBoy.
4. Bill Gates is born.
Thank you.
He's rightDrydic_guy wrote:1. all stops change to something else, including the original stops.
2. The vowels go batshit.
Albanian has a bunch of really weird sound changes, and I don't think all of the conditions have been determined yet (or at least according to my books). I don't have any references of Albanian sound changes with me at the moment, but one I do remember is PIE *s > Alb. *gj (IPA /J\/), in some situations, for example, PIE *sweks > Alb. gjasht? "six"
http://www.veche.net/
http://www.veche.net/novegradian - Grammar of Novegradian
http://www.veche.net/alashian - Grammar of Alashian
http://www.veche.net/novegradian - Grammar of Novegradian
http://www.veche.net/alashian - Grammar of Alashian
One "fun fact" I remember from my university times is that PIE */s/ has half a dozen different reflexes in Albanian, none of which is /s/.Maknas wrote:He's rightDrydic_guy wrote:1. all stops change to something else, including the original stops.
2. The vowels go batshit.
Albanian has a bunch of really weird sound changes, and I don't think all of the conditions have been determined yet (or at least according to my books). I don't have any references of Albanian sound changes with me at the moment, but one I do remember is PIE *s > Alb. *gj (IPA /J\/), in some situations, for example, PIE *sweks > Alb. gjasht? "six"
In other news, I've been spending the last few days going through the list of Proto-Algonquian roots (and the Ojibwe reflexes I wrote down for them) again, and this time I'm going to set up all of the correspondences so that I can know all of the changes (or basically all of them). And since I'm also in the midst of my fourth week of learning Ojibwe, I at least have a slightly better feel for how the language works, although obviously in the scheme of things I know jack shit.
Nonetheless, the point is, expect updated changes no later than, I don't know, September at the latest. Or, if I'm actually not lazy, then maybe by April.
Nonetheless, the point is, expect updated changes no later than, I don't know, September at the latest. Or, if I'm actually not lazy, then maybe by April.
Well, now that I have a nice new book from the library about Proto-Afro-Asiatic, I can add a bunch of AA changes here.
This is all according to Ehret.
First of all, the posited PAA phonology:
Stops: /p b t d k g k_w g_w X\_r ?/ *
Fricatives: /f s z S x G x_w G_w X\ h/
Ejectives: /p' t' ts' tS' k' k'_w/
Affricates: /ts dz tS dZ/
Nasals: /m n J N N_w/
Laterals: /l K tl' dl/
Rhotics: /4/
Glides: /j w/
Vowels: /a e i o u a: e: i: o: u:/
* /X\_r/ is a pharyngeal stop. For ease of reading, I'm just going to write it as "/?\/".
First, Proto-Afro-Asiatic (PAA) to Proto-Omotic (PO) and North Omotic (NOm). There are three fricative consonants here of unknown value, labelled s1, s2, and s3. A dash here ("-") represents the edge of a root (ie, "_C-" means "before a root-final consonant"). I'm using the Z-SAMPA tiebar ")" to avoid confusion with the underscore marking position.
C = consonant, V = vowel, N = nasal, all other capitals are X-SAMPA.
* Changes in Pre-Proto-Omotic *
dz > Z
S > s1
tS > s3
dZ > tS > S
ts > s / #_
K > l
f > p
* Depharyngealization *
a(:) > e(:) / _[?\, X\]-
?\ > ?
X\ > h
* Delabiovelarization *
a > o / #Cw)_[l, dl, s3]
Cw) > C / #_V[!i(:)]
S > s2 / [i, j]_
VNC > V:C[-voice]
* Lowering of PAA High Vowels in NOm *
u > o
i > e
* Raising of /o/, /e/, and /a/ in NOm *
e > i / #N_C
e > i / #l_C[+labial or +voice]
e > i / #b
e > i / p_r
e > i / #[s, S, ts']_[k, kw), ?]
e > i / #C_C[+labial]
e > i / #(?)_C
e > i / #[k, x, k']_[t, t', ts']
e > i / #(?)_C- (but not #(?)_CC-)
e > i / #C[+labial]_[ts, tS']
o > u / #C_C[+labial]
o > u / #(?)_C
o > u / #[k, x, k']_[t, t', ts']
o > u / #(?)_C- (but not #(?)_CC-)
o > u / #C[+labial]_[ts, tS']
a > o / #[z, dZ]_C[+labial]
e(:) > i(:) / #C[+sibilant]_[d, n, r]
* Delabialization of Remaining Labiovelars *
Cw) > C
* Shortening of NOm Vowels *
V: > V / #C[+velar, -voice]_C
* Lengthening of NOm u before Labials *
u > u: / #C[+voice, +plosive, -nasal]_C[+labial, -voice]
* Second Shortening of NOm Vowels *
V: > V / #C_C- + -(V)C- suffix
* Loss of Nasals before Other Consonants *
N > 0 / V_C[+sibilant]
N > 0 / V_p
And now changes in individual Omotic Languages:
Wolayta:
b > w / V_V
p > f
x1 > k
x2 > h / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
x2 > k / _-#
(I'm not quite sure where these x1 and x2 came from... I'll update if I find out)
ts > s / V_
tsts > t / V_
s3 > s / V_(V)
s3 > S / V_-#
s1 > S
s2 > S / V_
J > n
l > n / #_VN
d' > t' / #_
Male:
b > w / V_V
p > f / V_
z > d / V_
z > ts / Vj_
x1 > k
x2 > h / #_
x2 > g / V_V
ts > s / V_
tsts > ts / V_
[s1, s2, s3] > S
ts' > tS' / #_
ts' > s / V_
J > n
h2 > w / #_
(Again, another odd variable consonant...)
Zayse:
b > w / V_V
p' > ?p
z > ts / Vj_
ts' > s'
x1 > k
x2 > h / #_
x2 > g / V_#
x2 > g / n_
x2 > 0 / V_V
tsts > ts / V_
[s1, s3] > S
s2 > tS / V_
ts' > tS', s
J > n
l > n / #_VN
Yem:
b > w / V_V
p > f
p' > b
z > d / V_
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
k' > k / #_
Z > s
tS > ?j
ts > s / #_
[s1, s2, s3] > S
tS' > tS
J > n
h1 > h, 0 / #_
h2 > w / #_
l > n / #_VC
d' > t
r > r, ll / V_
Ugh, I have six more Omotic languages to do, and then several other AA languages. This'll take awhile.
This is all according to Ehret.
First of all, the posited PAA phonology:
Stops: /p b t d k g k_w g_w X\_r ?/ *
Fricatives: /f s z S x G x_w G_w X\ h/
Ejectives: /p' t' ts' tS' k' k'_w/
Affricates: /ts dz tS dZ/
Nasals: /m n J N N_w/
Laterals: /l K tl' dl/
Rhotics: /4/
Glides: /j w/
Vowels: /a e i o u a: e: i: o: u:/
* /X\_r/ is a pharyngeal stop. For ease of reading, I'm just going to write it as "/?\/".
First, Proto-Afro-Asiatic (PAA) to Proto-Omotic (PO) and North Omotic (NOm). There are three fricative consonants here of unknown value, labelled s1, s2, and s3. A dash here ("-") represents the edge of a root (ie, "_C-" means "before a root-final consonant"). I'm using the Z-SAMPA tiebar ")" to avoid confusion with the underscore marking position.
C = consonant, V = vowel, N = nasal, all other capitals are X-SAMPA.
* Changes in Pre-Proto-Omotic *
dz > Z
S > s1
tS > s3
dZ > tS > S
ts > s / #_
K > l
f > p
* Depharyngealization *
a(:) > e(:) / _[?\, X\]-
?\ > ?
X\ > h
* Delabiovelarization *
a > o / #Cw)_[l, dl, s3]
Cw) > C / #_V[!i(:)]
S > s2 / [i, j]_
VNC > V:C[-voice]
* Lowering of PAA High Vowels in NOm *
u > o
i > e
* Raising of /o/, /e/, and /a/ in NOm *
e > i / #N_C
e > i / #l_C[+labial or +voice]
e > i / #b
e > i / p_r
e > i / #[s, S, ts']_[k, kw), ?]
e > i / #C_C[+labial]
e > i / #(?)_C
e > i / #[k, x, k']_[t, t', ts']
e > i / #(?)_C- (but not #(?)_CC-)
e > i / #C[+labial]_[ts, tS']
o > u / #C_C[+labial]
o > u / #(?)_C
o > u / #[k, x, k']_[t, t', ts']
o > u / #(?)_C- (but not #(?)_CC-)
o > u / #C[+labial]_[ts, tS']
a > o / #[z, dZ]_C[+labial]
e(:) > i(:) / #C[+sibilant]_[d, n, r]
* Delabialization of Remaining Labiovelars *
Cw) > C
* Shortening of NOm Vowels *
V: > V / #C[+velar, -voice]_C
* Lengthening of NOm u before Labials *
u > u: / #C[+voice, +plosive, -nasal]_C[+labial, -voice]
* Second Shortening of NOm Vowels *
V: > V / #C_C- + -(V)C- suffix
* Loss of Nasals before Other Consonants *
N > 0 / V_C[+sibilant]
N > 0 / V_p
And now changes in individual Omotic Languages:
Wolayta:
b > w / V_V
p > f
x1 > k
x2 > h / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
x2 > k / _-#
(I'm not quite sure where these x1 and x2 came from... I'll update if I find out)
ts > s / V_
tsts > t / V_
s3 > s / V_(V)
s3 > S / V_-#
s1 > S
s2 > S / V_
J > n
l > n / #_VN
d' > t' / #_
Male:
b > w / V_V
p > f / V_
z > d / V_
z > ts / Vj_
x1 > k
x2 > h / #_
x2 > g / V_V
ts > s / V_
tsts > ts / V_
[s1, s2, s3] > S
ts' > tS' / #_
ts' > s / V_
J > n
h2 > w / #_
(Again, another odd variable consonant...)
Zayse:
b > w / V_V
p' > ?p
z > ts / Vj_
ts' > s'
x1 > k
x2 > h / #_
x2 > g / V_#
x2 > g / n_
x2 > 0 / V_V
tsts > ts / V_
[s1, s3] > S
s2 > tS / V_
ts' > tS', s
J > n
l > n / #_VN
Yem:
b > w / V_V
p > f
p' > b
z > d / V_
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
k' > k / #_
Z > s
tS > ?j
ts > s / #_
[s1, s2, s3] > S
tS' > tS
J > n
h1 > h, 0 / #_
h2 > w / #_
l > n / #_VC
d' > t
r > r, ll / V_
Ugh, I have six more Omotic languages to do, and then several other AA languages. This'll take awhile.
http://www.veche.net/
http://www.veche.net/novegradian - Grammar of Novegradian
http://www.veche.net/alashian - Grammar of Alashian
http://www.veche.net/novegradian - Grammar of Novegradian
http://www.veche.net/alashian - Grammar of Alashian
More Proto-Omotic to daughterlang changes:
(Remember, most of these PO > whatever changes are very incomplete, which is why a lot of these changes look so specific or fragmented; they're coming off a correspondence chart)
Kafa:
b > w / _-#
p > f / V_
z > j / _
zz > dZdZ
s > S / !V_
ts' > tS'
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
Z > S / #_
Z > tS / V_
ts > tS / V_
s3 > S / #_
s3 > S / V_V
s3 > s / V_-#
ts' > tS'
J > n
h2 > w / #_
l > d / #_VC
l > n / #_Vb
d' > t'
Mocha:
b > w / V_V
p' > p / V_
p' > b
z > j / #_
z > j / V_
z > dZdZ / Vj_
zz > dZdZ
s > S / !V_
ts' > tS
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
Z > S / #_
Z > s / _-#
ts > S / V_
ts > s / _-#
s3 > S / #_
s3 > s / V_-#
s1 > S
s2 > S, tStS / V_
h1 > h, 0 / #_
h2 > w / #_
l > d / #_VC
l > n / #_Vb
d' > t'
Bench:
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
tS > ts
s3 > S / V_V
[s1, s2, s3] > S
[?, h1, h2] > 0
l > d / #_VC
l > n / #_VN
d' > t'
Maji:
p' > b
z > d / Vj_
ts' > Z / V_
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
Z > tS ~ ts
ts > tS / _i
[s2, s3] > tS
s1 > S
? > 0
[h1, h2] > h
d' > t'
Dime:
p > f
z > d, z / V_
k' > g' / #_
tS > ts
ts > S / i_
s3 > tS / V_
s2 > tStS / V_
s1 > S
Ari:
p' > b', p'
z > d, z / V_
[x1, x2] > g
k' > q
tS > ts
s3 > tS
s2 > z
s1 > S
h1 > 0
Now, back to descents of PAA.
These changes are for Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Erythraean (the ancestor of all non-Omotic Afro-Asiatic langs):
[dz, dZ] > dz
[ts, tS] > ts
These changes are from Proto-Erythraean to Proto-Cushitic:
b > m / #_Vn
g > k / #dV
g > k / #wV_
G > g / #_Vx-
These changes are from Proto-Erythraean to Proto-North-Erythraean (the ancestor of the Chadic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Berber languages):
[Vj, Vw] > VV / #C__C
e: > i
o: > u
[o, e, a] > a
[u, i] > @
-VC- > -CV-
(This last rule turned all VC roots into CV)
in > N / #_C
Now, here's the more interesting changes.
Proto-North-Erythraean to Proto-Chadic:
a: > a
?\ > ?
X\ > h
[t', ts'] > s'
tS' > S'
dz > z
ts > s
N > 0 / V_[ts, X\]
Proto-North-Erythraean to Proto-Boreafrasian (Egyptian, Semitic, and Berber):
s' > s
h > X\ / #_Vs
z > d (when another sibilant is in the same word nearby)
[Nw), J] > n
V > 0 / _# (in nominals)
z > d / _-# (noun-stem final)
N > 0 / #_CV (ie, deleting the nasal cluster formed in Proto-North-Erythraean)
Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber:
p > f
p' > p
Egypto-Berber to Ancient Egyptian:
@ > i
h > X\ / _Vz
dl > d / #_VC
tl' > t' / #_VC
K > s / #_VC
t' > ts'
tS > ts
tS' > ts'
dZ' > dZ
S > s
ts' > ts
ts > s
dz > z
z > s
f > p / #_VC[+continuant]
f > p / #_VC[-voice]
f > p / #_Vr
p' > p
p > b / #dlV_
xw) > Gw) > X\
k > g / _[w, j]
C[!gw)]V?\ > X\?
gw)VX\_r > ?\ (here I'm using X\_r once again for the pharyngeal plosive, as now we're dealing with the actual fricative ?\)
[g, gw)] > dZ / #_Vd
[k, kw)] > tS / #_Vt
xVh > kh
C[+labiovelar] > [-labial]
X\_r > 0 / _i
X\_r > i / #_VC[+continuant]
X\_r > i / #_VC[+dental]
? > i / #_VC[+sonorant]
X\_ru > w / #_[f, s] (in some cases)
? > ?\ / _V[n, r, g]
X\_r > ? / C[+voice]V_
X\_r > ? / C[+dental]V_
[h, X\] > ? / C[+voice]V_
[h, X\] > ? / C[+velar]V_
X\_r > ? / h_
X\_rh > ?\X\
G > ? / X\_
tl' > dl / #_VX\r)
C[+lateral, +obstruent] > C[+palatal, +obstruent]
r > l / #_V(V)C[+obstruent, +labial]
r > ? / C[!g,m,n,r,w,S,x]_[t,w,j]#
l > j / #iC
l > r / #nV_C
l > n
Ancient Egyptian to Coptic:
n > l / #_Vb_Vb
n > l / #_(V)[s,S,h]V[m,b]#
n > l / #_V[m,b][s,S,h]
n > l / #_Vk
n > l / CV_C (where one of the consonants is /m/)
r > l / #(C)_c(C)#
r > l / #o_#
Semitic changes coming up next time.
(Remember, most of these PO > whatever changes are very incomplete, which is why a lot of these changes look so specific or fragmented; they're coming off a correspondence chart)
Kafa:
b > w / _-#
p > f / V_
z > j / _
zz > dZdZ
s > S / !V_
ts' > tS'
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
Z > S / #_
Z > tS / V_
ts > tS / V_
s3 > S / #_
s3 > S / V_V
s3 > s / V_-#
ts' > tS'
J > n
h2 > w / #_
l > d / #_VC
l > n / #_Vb
d' > t'
Mocha:
b > w / V_V
p' > p / V_
p' > b
z > j / #_
z > j / V_
z > dZdZ / Vj_
zz > dZdZ
s > S / !V_
ts' > tS
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
Z > S / #_
Z > s / _-#
ts > S / V_
ts > s / _-#
s3 > S / #_
s3 > s / V_-#
s1 > S
s2 > S, tStS / V_
h1 > h, 0 / #_
h2 > w / #_
l > d / #_VC
l > n / #_Vb
d' > t'
Bench:
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
tS > ts
s3 > S / V_V
[s1, s2, s3] > S
[?, h1, h2] > 0
l > d / #_VC
l > n / #_VN
d' > t'
Maji:
p' > b
z > d / Vj_
ts' > Z / V_
x1 > k
x2 > k / #_
x2 > 0 / V_V
Z > tS ~ ts
ts > tS / _i
[s2, s3] > tS
s1 > S
? > 0
[h1, h2] > h
d' > t'
Dime:
p > f
z > d, z / V_
k' > g' / #_
tS > ts
ts > S / i_
s3 > tS / V_
s2 > tStS / V_
s1 > S
Ari:
p' > b', p'
z > d, z / V_
[x1, x2] > g
k' > q
tS > ts
s3 > tS
s2 > z
s1 > S
h1 > 0
Now, back to descents of PAA.
These changes are for Proto-Afro-Asiatic to Proto-Erythraean (the ancestor of all non-Omotic Afro-Asiatic langs):
[dz, dZ] > dz
[ts, tS] > ts
These changes are from Proto-Erythraean to Proto-Cushitic:
b > m / #_Vn
g > k / #dV
g > k / #wV_
G > g / #_Vx-
These changes are from Proto-Erythraean to Proto-North-Erythraean (the ancestor of the Chadic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Berber languages):
[Vj, Vw] > VV / #C__C
e: > i
o: > u
[o, e, a] > a
[u, i] > @
-VC- > -CV-
(This last rule turned all VC roots into CV)
in > N / #_C
Now, here's the more interesting changes.
Proto-North-Erythraean to Proto-Chadic:
a: > a
?\ > ?
X\ > h
[t', ts'] > s'
tS' > S'
dz > z
ts > s
N > 0 / V_[ts, X\]
Proto-North-Erythraean to Proto-Boreafrasian (Egyptian, Semitic, and Berber):
s' > s
h > X\ / #_Vs
z > d (when another sibilant is in the same word nearby)
[Nw), J] > n
V > 0 / _# (in nominals)
z > d / _-# (noun-stem final)
N > 0 / #_CV (ie, deleting the nasal cluster formed in Proto-North-Erythraean)
Proto-Boreafrasian to Egypto-Berber:
p > f
p' > p
Egypto-Berber to Ancient Egyptian:
@ > i
h > X\ / _Vz
dl > d / #_VC
tl' > t' / #_VC
K > s / #_VC
t' > ts'
tS > ts
tS' > ts'
dZ' > dZ
S > s
ts' > ts
ts > s
dz > z
z > s
f > p / #_VC[+continuant]
f > p / #_VC[-voice]
f > p / #_Vr
p' > p
p > b / #dlV_
xw) > Gw) > X\
k > g / _[w, j]
C[!gw)]V?\ > X\?
gw)VX\_r > ?\ (here I'm using X\_r once again for the pharyngeal plosive, as now we're dealing with the actual fricative ?\)
[g, gw)] > dZ / #_Vd
[k, kw)] > tS / #_Vt
xVh > kh
C[+labiovelar] > [-labial]
X\_r > 0 / _i
X\_r > i / #_VC[+continuant]
X\_r > i / #_VC[+dental]
? > i / #_VC[+sonorant]
X\_ru > w / #_[f, s] (in some cases)
? > ?\ / _V[n, r, g]
X\_r > ? / C[+voice]V_
X\_r > ? / C[+dental]V_
[h, X\] > ? / C[+voice]V_
[h, X\] > ? / C[+velar]V_
X\_r > ? / h_
X\_rh > ?\X\
G > ? / X\_
tl' > dl / #_VX\r)
C[+lateral, +obstruent] > C[+palatal, +obstruent]
r > l / #_V(V)C[+obstruent, +labial]
r > ? / C[!g,m,n,r,w,S,x]_[t,w,j]#
l > j / #iC
l > r / #nV_C
l > n
Ancient Egyptian to Coptic:
n > l / #_Vb_Vb
n > l / #_(V)[s,S,h]V[m,b]#
n > l / #_V[m,b][s,S,h]
n > l / #_Vk
n > l / CV_C (where one of the consonants is /m/)
r > l / #(C)_c(C)#
r > l / #o_#
Semitic changes coming up next time.
Last edited by Mecislau on Sun Jun 05, 2005 8:58 pm, edited 1 time in total.
http://www.veche.net/
http://www.veche.net/novegradian - Grammar of Novegradian
http://www.veche.net/alashian - Grammar of Alashian
http://www.veche.net/novegradian - Grammar of Novegradian
http://www.veche.net/alashian - Grammar of Alashian