Classical Pralma, the language Määda derives from, has
/p pʲ pʷ pʲʷ t tʲ t͡p d dʲ d͡b k kʲ kʷ k͡p/ <
p pj pw pjw t tj tp d dj db k kj kw kp>
/m mʲ mʷ mʲʷ n nʲ n͡m ŋ ŋʲ ŋʷ ŋ͡m/ <
m mj mw mjw n nj nm ng ngj ngw ngm>
/β βʲ z zʲ ɣ ɣʲ ɣʷ/ <
b bj z zj g gj gw>
/ʋ ɾ l lʲ l͡β/ <
w r l lj lb>
/ɑ ɑː ɔ ɔː o oː u uː/ <
à àà ò òò o oo u uu>
/a aː ɛ ɛː e eː i iː/ <
a aa ä ää e ee i ii>
/ɐ ɜ ɜː ɨ/ <
a è èè ì>
Note that:
-/w/ and labialisation are actually labio-dental, as in Yele.
-n, t, d, and z are dental.
-there is contrastive gemination of all the oral and nasal stops, of which the former may occur initially.
-any clusters of the following forms are allowed: stop + approximant, nasal + approximant, fricative + approximant, stop + fricative, and fricative + nasal.
-but all consonants in a cluster with a palatalised consonant are palatalised:
atja [atʲɐ] +
-la [lɐ] =
atjla [atʲlʲɐ]
-same goes for labialisation:
äpwà [ɛpʷɐ] +
-bi [βi] =
äpwwi [ɛpʷʋi]
Pralma's descendant languages do various different things:
apjä [apʲɛ]
Määda
ääpse [æːpsɛ], Iitselo
ape [ape] explode
tpakja [t̪͡pakʲa]
Määda
tpakse [t̪͡paksɛ], Iitselo
tpats [t̪͡pat͡ʃ] hashish
otènnä [ot̪ɜn̪ːɛ]
Määda
otönde [oθœn̪d̪ɛ], Iitselo
utɨn [ut̪ɨn̪] hold, contain, comprise
igukwò [iɣukʷɔ]
Määda
ykvõ [ykfɔ], Iitselo
igupo [iɣupo]
komizna [komizn̪a]
Määda
kominse [komiz̃ɛ] (often reduced to just
konve [koʋ̃ɛ]), Iitselo
komin [kɔmin]
Määda has
/p t̪ d̪ k t̪͡p d̪͡b k͡p/ <
p t d k tp db kp>
/m n̪ n̪͡m ɲ ŋ ŋ͡m/ <
m n nm ñ ŋ ŋm>
/mb nd̪ ɲɟ ŋɡ n͡md͡b ŋ͡mg͡b/ <
mb nd ñg ŋg nb ŋb>
/p͡ɸ p͡f p͡s t̪͡f t̪͡θ t͡s k͡f k͡s k͡x/ <
pp pv ps tv tt ts kv ks kk>
/ɸ β f s z z͡ʋ ç/ <
h b f s z zv c>
/ʋ̃̃ ʋ̃ʲ z̃ ʋ̃ː z̃ː/ <
mv nv ns mmv nns>
/r l j/ <
r l i>
/r̃ l̃/ <
nr nl>
/ɑo ɔ ɤː o oː u uː/ <
aa õ õõ o oo u uu>
/aɛ a ɛ æː e eː œ øː i iː y yː/ <
ae a ä ää e ee ö öö i ii y yy>
-/t d/ are /θ ð/ between vowels.
-there are no further clusters than the affricates.
-more on this and on Iitselo later