Romanization challenge thread

[Cedh]

Bouyei

/p pʲ ɓ t ɗ tɕ k kʷ/ p py b t d ty k kw
/f s ɬ ɕ x/ f s ł sy h
/m mʲ n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ/ m my n ny ng ngw
/v z l j ɣ/ w z l y g
/ˀj ˀv/ j v
/a aː ɔ e o i ɯ u/ a ae oa e o i oe u
/ai au aːi aːu aɯ eu iə iu ɯə uə/ ai au aei aou ao eu ie iu ue uo

in Chinese loans:
/pʰ tʰ ts tsʰ tɕʰ/ ph th ts ths thy
/ɚ au əu ia io iau ua uai uəi/ er au ou ia io iau ua uai uoi

and eight tones:
24 11 53 31 35 33 35+coda stop 33+coda stop á ä â à ǎ a ǎ a

tsuŋ33xua31 zɯn31min31 kuŋ24xo31kuə31 tɯk33 ja24tsəu33 tɔŋ24, tai24phin31jaŋ33 ti33 laːi24 min31tsu31 ti33 sɯ24xuəi124tsu53ji24 kuə31tɕiə33.
tsunghùa zòenmìn kúnghòkùo toek yátsou tóang, táiphìnyang ti láei mìntsù ti sóehúoytsûyí kùotyie.

[Cedh]

Kensiu

/p b~bm t d~dn c ɟ~ɟɲ k g~gŋ ʔ/ p b t d c j k g q (/ʔ/ is not written in word-initial position)
/m n ɲ ŋ/ m n ny ng
/ɸ s ɣ h/ f s gh h
/w ɻ j l/ w r y l
/a ɛ ʌ ɔ e ə o e̝ ɚ o̝ ɪ i ɯ u ie/ a ê â ô e ı o ei er ou î i û u ie
/ã ɛ̃ ʌ̃ ɔ̃ ẽ õ ẽ̝ õ̝ ɪ̃ ĩ ɯ̃ ũ ĩẽ/ an ên ...

ʔuʔ ŋɔk ʔep bəlɯʔ jɛʔ. jo̝hʔuʔ hɔs ʔep tobm ʔihuʔ ʔɔdn. jɛʔ ma ɟɯp pe̝ gade̝ ʔep ɟala.
uq ngôk ep bılûq yêq. youhquq hôs ep tob ihuq ôd. yêq ma jûp pei gadei ep jala.

[Click]

piɕkowa

lol, pickowa...

cunt

Kensiu

/p b~bm t d~dn c ɟ~ɟɲ k g~gŋ ʔ/ p b t d ty¹ dy¹ k g 0²
/m n ɲ ŋ/ m n ny¹ gn³
/ɸ s ɣ h/ f s gh h
/w ɻ j l/ v r y l
/a ɛ ʌ ɔ e ə o e̝ ɚ o̝ ɪ i ɯ u ie/ â e a o é á ó er ar or í ı ú u ıe
/ã ɛ̃ ʌ̃ ɔ̃ ẽ õ ẽ̝ õ̝ ɪ̃ ĩ ɯ̃ ũ ĩẽ/ Vn

• ¹ Written yt, yd and yn syllable-finally.
  ² Words ending with a vowel are marked with an apostrophe.
  ³ Written ng syllable-finally.

U gnok ép balú ye. Yorhu hos ép tób ıhu ón. Ye mâʼ dyúp perʼ gâderʼ ép dyâlâʼ.
ʔuʔ ŋɔk ʔep bəlɯʔ jɛʔ. jo̝hʔuʔ hɔs ʔep tobm ʔihuʔ ʔɔdn. jɛʔ ma ɟɯp pe̝ gade̝ ʔep ɟala.

[Nortaneous]

Tangut

/pʰ p b tʰ t d tsʰ ts dz tʂʰ tʂ dʐ kʰ k g ʔ/ <ph p b th t d ch c dz rh tr dr kh k g 0>
/s ɬ ʂ x/ <s sl sh h>
/v z ʐ ɣ/ <v z zh gh>
/m n ŋ/ <m n ng>
/l r/ <l r>
/a a: ã ạ aʳ a:ʳ/ <a ah an ag ar arh>
/æ æ: æ̃ æʳ/ <ea eia ean ear>
/ɨa ɨa: ɨã ɨạ ɨaʳ ɨa:ʳ/ <ua uah uan uag uar uarh>
/ia ia: iã iạ iaʳ ia:ʳ/ <ia iah ian iag iar iarh>
/ya/ <eua>
/ɛ ɛ: ɛ̃ ɛ̣̃ ɛ̣ ɛʳ/ <e eh en eng eg er>
/e e: ẽ eʳ/ <ai ay ain air>
/ɨe ɨe: ɨẽ ɨẹ̃ ɨẹ ɨeʳ/ <uai uay uain uaing uaig uair>
/ie ie: iẽ iẹ̃ iẹ ieʳ/ <iai iay iain iaing iaig iair>
/ɛw ew eʳw ɨew ɨiw iew iw i(e)ʳw/ <ew aiw aiwr uaiw ueew iaiw iw iwr>
/ʌ ʌʳ/ <uu uur>
/ə ə: ə̣ əʳ/ <u uh ug ur>
/ɨə ɨə: ɨə̣ ɨəʳ ɨə:ʳ/ <eu euh eug eur eurh>
/iə iə: iə̣ iəʳ iə:ʳ/ <iu iuh iug iur iurh>
/ɔ ɔ: ɔ̃ ɔ̃: ɔ̣ ɔʳ/ <au auh aun aunh aug aur>
/o o: õ ọ oʳ o:ʳ õʳ/ <o oh on og or orh orn>
/ɨo wɨo ɨo: ɨõ ɨõ: ɨọ ɨoʳ/ <uo ouo uoh uon uonh uog uor>
/io io: iõ iõ: iọ ioʳ io:ʳ iõʳ/ <io ioh ion ionh iog ior iorh iorn>
/əi ə:i əĩ əị əiʳ ə:iʳ/ <y yh yn yg yr yrh>
/ɪ ɪ: ɪʳ ɪ:ʳ/ <i ih ir irh>
/ɨi ɨ:i ɨĩ ɨị ɨiʳ ɨ:iʳ/ <ui uih uin uig uir uirh>
/i i: ĩ ị iʳ i:ʳ/ <ee eeh een eeg eer eerh>
/əu ə:u əũ əụ əuʳ/ <ou ouh oun oug our>
/ʊ ʊ:/ <oo ooh>
/ɨu ɨ:u ɨụ/ <uoo uooh uoog>
/iu i:u iụ iuʳ/ <ioo iooh ioog ioor>

2xwəi 1tsew 2xa 1ĩ 1tʂhɨĩ, 1tshew 2lɨew 1gii 1səu 1jew, 1ʂʌ 1ʂɨĩ 1ki 1swəĩ 1xa, 1kɛ 1kwo 1kwĩ 2khiew 2thie. 1je 2bəəu 1dʐɨõ.
Hwyt caiw hat in rhuin, chaiw luaiwt gih sou yaiw, shuu shuin ki swyn ha, ke kwo kween khiaiw thiai. Yai bouht druon.

[kodé]

Tangut

/pʰ p b tʰ t d tsʰ ts dz tʂʰ tʂ dʐ kʰ k g ʔ/ <p' p b t' t d c' c j cr' cr jr k' k g 7>
/s ɬ ʂ x/ <s ll sr x>
/v z ʐ ɣ/ <v z zr q>
/m n ŋ/ <m n ng>
/l r/ <l r>
/a a: ã ạ aʳ a:ʳ/ <a aa an a' ar aar>
/æ æ: æ̃ æʳ/ <ae aae aaen aaer>
/ɨa ɨa: ɨã ɨạ ɨaʳ ɨa:ʳ/ <wa wa wan wa' war waar>
/ia ia: iã iạ iaʳ ia:ʳ/ <ia iaa ian ia' iar iaar>
/ya/ <uiae>
/ɛ ɛ: ɛ̃ ɛ̣̃ ɛ̣ ɛʳ/ <e ee en e'n e' er>
/e e: ẽ eʳ/ <ei eei ein eir>
/ɨe ɨe: ɨẽ ɨẹ̃ ɨẹ ɨeʳ/ <we wee wen we'n we' wer>
/ie ie: iẽ iẹ̃ iẹ ieʳ/ <ie iee ien ie'n ie' ier>
/ɛw ew eʳw ɨew ɨiw iew iw i(e)ʳw/ <eu eiu eur weu wiu ieu iu ieur>
/ʌ ʌʳ/ <oe oer>
/ə ə: ə̣ əʳ/ <ue uue ue' uer>
/ɨə ɨə: ɨə̣ ɨəʳ ɨə:ʳ/ <wue wuue wue' wuer wueer>
/iə iə: iə̣ iəʳ iə:ʳ/ <iue iuue >
/ɔ ɔ: ɔ̃ ɔ̃: ɔ̣ ɔʳ/ <o oo on oon o' or>
/o o: õ ọ oʳ o:ʳ õʳ/ <ou oou oun ou' our oour orn>
/ɨo wɨo ɨo: ɨõ ɨõ: ɨọ ɨoʳ/ <wo uwo woo won woon wo' wor>
/io io: iõ iõ: iọ ioʳ io:ʳ iõʳ/ <io ioo ion ioon io' ior ioor iorn>
/əi ə:i əĩ əị əiʳ ə:iʳ/ <ui uui uin ui' uir uuir>
/ɪ ɪ: ɪʳ ɪ:ʳ/ <y yy yr yyr>
/ɨi ɨ:i ɨĩ ɨị ɨiʳ ɨ:iʳ/ <wi wii win wi' wir wiir>
/i i: ĩ ị iʳ i:ʳ/ <i ii in i' ir iir>
/əu ə:u əũ əụ əuʳ/ <ueu uueu ueun ueu' ueur>
/ʊ ʊ:/ <u uu>
/ɨu ɨ:u ɨụ/ <wu wuu wu'>
/iu i:u iụ iuʳ/ <iu iiu iu' iur>

Basically, /a æ ɛ e ɪ i ɨ ʌ ə ɔ o ʊ~u/ <a ae e ei y i w oe ue o ou u>. Which left me with nothing for /ya/, so I just crapped out <uiae>. I even managed a pentagraph <wueer> for /ɨə:ʳ/ (though c'mon, now, it's a diphthong with length and whatever-the-hell-else Tangut does to its vowels).

Don't know what the /1/s and /2/s are doing, thought it looks like /2/ usually correlates with <...t> in Nort's orthography, except for /2khiew/ and /2thie/, so I'll just copy him (because I'm lazy and should be working on something else).

2xwəi 1tsew 2xa 1ĩ 1tʂhɨĩ, 1tshew 2lɨew 1gii 1səu 1jew, 1ʂʌ 1ʂɨĩ 1ki 1swəĩ 1xa, 1kɛ 1kwo 1kwĩ 2khiew 2thie. 1je 2bəəu 1dʐɨõ.
xuuit ceiu xat in cr'win, c'eiu lweut gwi sueu ieiu, sroe srwin ki suuin xa, ke kuo kuin k'ieiu t'ie. iei buueu jrwon

Damn, that's ugly. Stupid Tangut. Or rather, stupid five-vowel (seven in a pinch) Latin orthography.

P.S. Are there supposed to be consonantal (i.e., onset) /j w/? It looks so from the words you've given. If so, my vowel system's fucked.

[kodé]

Saisiyat (An Austronesian language of Taiwan--Taiwanese Austronesian languages don't look typically Austronesian, btw)

/p t k ʔ/
/θ ʂ ħ/
/β ð/
/m n ŋ/
/l r/
/j w/
/i/
/ø ə o/
/æ a/

[Quantum]

Saisiyat

/p t k ʔ/ <p t k '>
/θ ʂ ħ/ <d s h>
/β ð/ <v z>
/m n ŋ/ <m n g>
/l r/ <l r>
/j w/ <y w>
/i/ <i>
/ø ə o/ <u e o>
/æ a/ <æ a>

ma'an sasoaw hayno' ila
maʔan ʂ¹aʂoaw haj²noʔ ila
1S.Gen stick where Asp
‘Where is my stick?’

1: This text originally had /ʃ/
2: This was originally /y/, however this seems to have been an error. Source, Pg. 35
3: Include a sample text!

__________________________________________________________

Nto

/p p' t t' k k' q q' ʡ ʔ/ <p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ g ʔ>
/m ʔm~m̰ mɓ ʔmp'~m̰p' n ʔn~n̰ nɗ ʔnt'~n̰t' ŋ ʔŋ~ŋ̰ ŋɠ ʔŋk'~ŋ̰k'/ <m mʔ mb mp n nʔ nd nt ŋ ŋʔ ŋg ŋk>
/s s' x x' χ χ' ʜ h/ <s sʔ x xʔ xh xhʔ hh h>
/w ʔw~w̰ y ʔy~y̰ ʀ/ <w wʔ y yʔ r>

/ɨ ɨː ɨ̥/ <i iː u>
/ɛ ɛː ə əː ɔ ɔː ɔ̥/ <e eː ə əː o oː ŏ>
/a aː ḁ/ <a aː ă>

C(w/y)V

Awkwords Sample:
/ŋɠjɛːŋja tjoː ʔmjəχ'əː ʀɔ̥t'aː m̰p'jəŋ̰a saːχ'əː tɛːro ʔjoːjaː ʔjapwoː ŋja ʀaː kjɨ ntjaː tjaː ŋwa/
<ŋgyeːŋya tyoː mʔyəxhʔəː rŏtʔaː mpyəŋʔa saːxhʔəː teːro yʔoːyaː yʔapwoː ŋya raː kyi ntyaː tyaː ŋwa>

[Nortaneous]

the 1 and 2 in tangut are tones

/p t k ʔ/ <p t k q>
/θ ʂ ħ/ <s x h>
/β ð/ <v z>
/m n ŋ/ <m n g>
/l r/ <l r>
/j w/ <y w>
/i/ <i>
/ø ə o/ <u e o>
/æ a/ <ä a>

ħiniʔ malat rimʔan kakilmæħ ka kaħøj. jako nak ħiniʔ mpatawaw, kaʔaŋaŋənaj ni ʔoyaʔ. βakiʔ minaʔrəm ħaθəβila tijamθoŋ. jami maʔaðʔaðəm ʔam paθkayðæħ ka tæwʔan karowaθəkan nonak. ʔojaʔ tomalək ka kaθħaw ʔima rikrika: kaparaʔø: ʔiʂoʔon.

Hiniq malat rimqan kakilmäh ka kahuy. Yako nak hiniq mpatawaw, kaqagagenay ni qoyaq. Vakiq minaqrem hasevila tiyamsog. Yami maqazqazem qam paskayzäh ka täwqan karowasekan nonak. Qoyaq tomalek ka kashaw qima rikrikaa kaparaquu qixoqon.

----

/p p' t t' k k' q q' ʡ ʔ/ <p p t t k k q q x x>
/m ʔm~m̰ mɓ ʔmp'~m̰p' n ʔn~n̰ nɗ ʔnt'~n̰t' ŋ ʔŋ~ŋ̰ ŋɠ ʔŋk'~ŋ̰k'/ <m m b b n n d d ng ng g g>
/s s' x x' χ χ' ʜ h/ <s s ch ch j j h h>
/w ʔw~w̰ y ʔy~y̰ ʀ/ <w w y y l>

/ɨ ɨː ɨ̥/ <i ī ĭ>
/ɛ ɛː ə əː ɔ ɔː ɔ̥/ <e ē u ū o ō ŏ>
/a aː ḁ/ <a ā ă>

C(w/y)V

Awkwords Sample:
/ŋɠjɛːŋja tjoː ʔmjəχ'əː ʀɔ̥t'aː m̰p'jəŋ̰a saːχ'əː tɛːro ʔjoːjaː ʔjapwoː ŋja ʀaː kjɨ ntjaː tjaː ŋwa/
Gyēngya tyō myùjû lŏtâ byùngà sājû tēro yôyā yàpwō ngya lā kyi dyâ tyā ngwa.
or
Giēngia tiō miùjû lŏtâ biùngà sājû tēro yôyā yàpuō ngia lā kyi diâ tiā ngua.

----

let's try being more systematic

ạ was conditioned by s- or h- if initial <s z> so those will be sCV
lowered initials take a-
raised initials take i- or u-
grade 2 is Cr

/pʰ p b tʰ t d tsʰ ts dz tʂʰ tʂ dʐ kʰ k g ʔ/ <ph p b th t d tsh ts dz ch c j kh k g 0>
/s ɬ ʂ x/ <s kl sh x>
/v z ʐ ɣ/ <v z zh gh>
/m n ŋ/ <m n ng>
/l r/ <l r>
/a a: ã ạ aʳ a:ʳ/ <a ā an sCa ar ār>
/æ æ: æ̃ æʳ/ <Cra Crā Cran Crar>
/ɨa ɨa: ɨã ɨạ ɨaʳ ɨa:ʳ/ <ua uā uan sCua uar uār>
/ia ia: iã iạ iaʳ ia:ʳ/ <ia iā ian sCian iar iār>
/ya/ <üa>
/ɛ ɛ: ɛ̃ ɛ̣̃ ɛ̣ ɛʳ/ <Cre Crē Cren sCren sCre Crer>
/e e: ẽ eʳ/ <e ē en er>
/ɨe ɨe: ɨẽ ɨẹ̃ ɨẹ ɨeʳ/ <ue uē uen sCuen sCue uer>
/ie ie: iẽ iẹ̃ iẹ ieʳ/ <ie iē ien sCien sCie ier>
/ɛw ew eʳw ɨew ɨiw iew iw i(e)ʳw/ <Creu eu eur ueu uiu ieu iu iur>
/ʌ ʌʳ/ <Cry Cryr>
/ə ə: ə̣ əʳ/ <y ȳ sCy yr>
/ɨə ɨə: ɨə̣ ɨəʳ ɨə:ʳ/ <uy uȳ sCuy uyr uȳr>
/iə iə: iə̣ iəʳ iə:ʳ/ <iy iȳ sCiy iyr iȳr>
/ɔ ɔ: ɔ̃ ɔ̃: ɔ̣ ɔʳ/ <Cro Crō Cron Crōn sCro Cror>
/o o: õ ọ oʳ o:ʳ õʳ/ <o ō on sCo or ōr orn>
/ɨo wɨo ɨo: ɨõ ɨõ: ɨọ ɨoʳ/ <uo üo uō uon sCuo uor>
/io io: iõ iõ: iọ ioʳ io:ʳ iõʳ/ <io iō ion iōn sCio ior iōr iorn>
/əi ə:i əĩ əị əiʳ ə:iʳ/ <ai āi ain sCai air āir>
/ɪ ɪ: ɪʳ ɪ:ʳ/ <Cri Crī Crir Crīr>
/ɨi ɨ:i ɨĩ ɨị ɨiʳ ɨ:iʳ/ <ui uī uin sCui uir ūir>
/i i: ĩ ị iʳ i:ʳ/ <i ī in sCi ir īr>
/əu ə:u əũ əụ əuʳ/ <au āu aun sCau aur>
/ʊ ʊ:/ <Cru Crū>
/ɨu ɨ:u ɨụ/ <u ū sCu>
/iu i:u iụ iuʳ/ <iu īu sCiu iur>

ɨ unwritten where predictable

2xwəi 1tsew 2xa 1ĩ 1tʂhɨĩ, 1tshew 2lɨew 1gii 1səu 1jew, 1ʂʌ 1ʂɨĩ 1ki 1swəĩ 1xa, 1kɛ 1kwo 1kwĩ 2khiew 2thie. 1je 2bəəu 1dʐɨõ.
Hwái tseu há in chin, tsheu luéu gī sau yeu, shry shin ki swain ha, kre kwo kwin khiéu thié. Ye bâu juon.

[Grunnen]

Saisiyat (An Austronesian language of Taiwan--Taiwanese Austronesian languages don't look typically Austronesian, btw)

/p t k ʔ/ <p t k q>
/θ ʂ ħ/ <f s h>
/β ð/ <v z>
/m n ŋ/ <m n ng>
/l r/ <l r>
/j w/ <j w>
/i/ <i>
/ø ə o/ <io y o>
/æ a/ <e a>

[Nortaneous]

Amis

/p t ts k ʡ~я ʔ/
/f~v ð~ɮ s ɣ ʜ h/
/m n ŋ/
/r ɺ̠ j w/
/a ə i o~u/

marahtsi isu miʡusi ku tsətsaj vðəŋan ikuɺ̠ i, ɺ̠ijawən minəŋnəŋ kura saɺ̠itsaj, rumaɺ̠ən tu samanaj ku tsaʡuv nu vaŋtsaɺ̠aj tsuðað tunija saɺ̠itsaj. maʔmin isu miʡusi kunija tsuðað ikuɺ̠ i, ɺ̠ijawen mirumaɺ̠ ku kihtsuð a saɺ̠itsaj.

[Nortaneous]

/p t ts k ʡ~я ʔ/ <p t c k g q>
/f~v ð~ɮ s ɣ ʜ h/ <v d s j x h>
/m n ŋ/ <m n ng>
/r ɺ̠ j w/ <r l y w>
/a ə i o~u/ <a e i o>

marahtsi isu miʡusi ku tsətsaj vðəŋan ikuɺ̠ i, ɺ̠ijawən minəŋnəŋ kura saɺ̠itsaj, rumaɺ̠ən tu samanaj ku tsaʡuv nu vaŋtsaɺ̠aj tsuðað tunija saɺ̠itsaj. maʔmin isu miʡusi kunija tsuðað ikuɺ̠ i, ɺ̠ijawen mirumaɺ̠ ku kihtsuð a saɺ̠itsaj.
Marahci iso migosi ko cecay vdengan ikul i, liyawen minengneng kora salicay, romalen to samanay ko cagov no vangcalay codad toniya salicay. Maqmin iso migosi koniya codad ikol i, liyawen miromal ko kihcod a salicay.

[kanejam]

Basically just ripping of Nort's one to try to remove the diacritic:

/p t k ʔ/ <p t k '>
/θ ʂ ħ/ <s x h>
/β ð/ <v z>
/m n ŋ/ <m n g>
/l r/ <l r>
/j w/ <j w>
/i/ <i>
/ø ə o/ <u y o>
/æ a/ <e a>

ħiniʔ malat rimʔan kakilmæħ ka kaħøj. jako nak ħiniʔ mpatawaw, kaʔaŋaŋənaj ni ʔoyaʔ. βakiʔ minaʔrəm ħaθəβila tijamθoŋ. jami maʔaðʔaðəm ʔam paθkayðæħ ka tæwʔan karowaθəkan nonak. ʔojaʔ tomalək ka kaθħaw ʔima rikrika: kaparaʔø: ʔiʂoʔon.

Hini' malat rim'an kakilmeh ka kahuj. Jako nak hini' mpatawaw, ka'agagynay ni 'oja'. Vaki' mina'rem hasyvila tijamsog. Jami ma'azq'azym qam paskajzeh ka tew'an karowasykan nonak. 'Oja' tomalyk ka kashaw 'ima rikrikaa kapara'uu 'ixo'on.

[kodé]

Saisiyat

3: Include a sample text!

Sorry! Nort found a cool text, some of which I can kind of translate, but I might as well provide one of my own, too, from the beginning of a ghost story my Saisiyat Mama' ("uncle," but not actually implying relation) told me last summer. Also, I forgot to note that vowel length is contrastive in open syllables.

kakħæjðæʔæn alno roħænæn rimaʔ kalaʔ watan tæwʔæn. paparaj ra:an ʂøʔiʔan; jao maħiəw noka raromæħ pinaħiəw. raj ko:ko:ol okaʔ ka maʔijæħ jao nonak jao okik tikot. jao βaðæʔ pinajakaiʔ ni jaβaʔ komoʂaʔ ħayzæħ ka ʂaħβøj.
“A long time ago, I went to Watan’s house at night. The middle of the road was very dark; I went by the light of a bamboo torch. In the mountains, by myself, without anyone, I was not afraid. I heard my father's voice, saying there was a headless ghost (a Sahboey).”

Nort's text looks something like: "this ... will cut the tree. I work thus, ... with mother. Grandfather sleeps ... . We want to make a house ... itself. Mother drinks tea very hot ... ." I have no idea what this means...

[Nortaneous]

/p t k ʔ/ <p t k q>
/θ ʂ ħ/ <s x h>
/β ð/ <v z>
/m n ŋ/ <m n g>
/l r/ <l r>
/j w/ <y w>
/i/ <i>
/ø ə o/ <u e o>
/æ a/ <ä a>

kakħæjðæʔæn alno roħænæn rimaʔ kalaʔ watan tæwʔæn. paparaj ra:an ʂøʔiʔan; jao maħiəw noka raromæħ pinaħiəw. raj ko:ko:ol okaʔ ka maʔijæħ jao nonak jao okik tikot. jao βaðæʔ pinajakaiʔ ni jaβaʔ komoʂaʔ ħayzæħ ka ʂaħβøj.
Kakhäyzäqän alno rohänän rimaq kalaq watan täwqäh. Paparay raaan xuqiqan; yao mahiew noka raromäh pinahiew. Ray kookoool okaq ka maqiyäh yao nonak yao okik tikot. Yao vazäq pinayakaiq ni yavaq komoxaq hayzäh ka xahvuy.

what's that [z] doing there?

I got the example sentences from this paper. I might have misread the orthography.

ħiniʔ malat rimʔan kakilmæħ ka kaħøj.
‘This knife is what is going to be used to chop wood tomorrow.’

jako nak ħiniʔ mpatawaw, kaʔaŋaŋənaj ni ʔoyaʔ?
‘Will I be scolded by Mother, doing it this way?’

βakiʔ minaʔrəm ħaθəβila tijamθoŋ.
‘Grandfather has slept for five hours.’

jami maʔaðʔaðəm ʔam paθkayðæħ ka tæwʔan karowaθəkan nonak.
‘We are thinking that we will build a house for ourselves to live in.’

ʔojaʔ tomalək ka kaθħaw ʔima rikrika: kaparaʔø: ʔiʂoʔon.
‘Mother cooked hot soup so as to let you drink.’

[Nortaneous]

Also: you speak Saisiyat? Wikipedia says, on one of the pages for a related language:

Furthermore, numerals can function as both nouns and verbs in all Formosan languages

How does a numeral function as a verb? (And is there the same sort of noun/verb overlap elsewhere, or is it just the numerals?)

[Hallow XIII]

Something like this, I assume:

dog two = there are two dogs

[Astraios]

Yeah, that's how it works in Lakota anyway.

Šúŋka kiŋ núŋpapi.
dog=DEF two=ANI.PL
There are two dogs.

Waníyetu wikčémna núŋpa akémawaŋži.
winter ten two and-1S.STA-one
I am twenty one years old.

[kodé]

what's that [z] doing there?

I fucked up. It's a [ð].

I got the example sentences from this paper. I might have misread the orthography.

Cool, Yeh has done a lot of good descriptive work on Saisiyat. Let me try to gloss these:

ħiniʔ malat rimʔan ka-kilmæħ ka kaħøj.
this knife tomorrow IF.FUT-cut D tree, wood
‘This knife is what is going to be used to chop wood tomorrow.’

IF = Instrumental Focus, where an instrument serves as the subject of the verb.
FUT = Future; the IF.FUT form IIRC is actually a Ca- reduplicant.

jako nak ħiniʔ m-patawaw, ka-ʔaŋaŋ-ən-aj ni ʔoyaʔ?
1SG.NOM how this AF-work FUT-scold-PF-PF.DEP GEN mother
‘Will I be scolded by Mother, doing it this way?’

AF = Agent Focus, with an agent as the subject, and the patient in the accusative
PF = Patient Focus, with a patient as the subject, and the agent in the genitive
/m-patawaw/ is the input form, which surfaces as [ma.ta.waw], with coalescence of the /m-p/.
The /ka/ prefix does a million different things in Saisiyat; I'm not quite sure what it's doing here (my guess is that it's the non-AF future), nor why the PF and PF.DEP suffixes are being stacked. I would have expected [ka-ʔaŋʔaŋ-aj], but maybe I'm parsing it wrong.

βakiʔ m-in-aʔrəm ħaθəβ ila tijamθoŋ.
grandpa AF<PAST>sleep five ASP hour
‘Grandfather has slept for five hours.’

The root of 'sleep' is /paʔrəm/, with the /m-/ prefix causing coalescence. The infix [in] seems to be used like a past tense, but it hasn't been analyzed deeply. I wrote a paper last semester on [ila], which is a post-clitic Perfect marker that also triggers telicity or inchoativity (but it's not always transparent). Actually, this example really helps my argument that [ila] post-cliticizes to the first word of the phrase it takes scope over, since usually a phrase like [ħaθəβ tijamθoŋ] 'five hour' isn't split up. The word for 'hour' that I'm familiar with is [kaʂəpəwan], not [tijamθoŋ].

jami ma-ʔaðʔaðəm ʔam paθ-kayðæħ ka tæwʔan ka-rowaθək-an nonak.
1.INCL.NOM AF-think FUT CAUS-good D house NOM-live-LF self
‘We are thinking that we will build a house for ourselves to live in.’

LF = Locative Focus, with a locative as the subject of the verb; it's mostly used in nominalizations
/paθ-kayðæħ/, lit. CAUS-good, is used for 'make'

ʔojaʔ t-om-alək ka kaθħaw ʔima rikrika: ka-pa-raʔø: ʔiʂoʔon.
mother <AF>cook D liquid REL hot NOM-CAUS-drink 1.SG.BEN
‘Mother cooked hot soup so as to let you drink.’

I'm used to hearing [kaθħaw] as 'tea', not 'soup'. Probably it just means 'edible/potable liquid'

Also: you speak Saisiyat? Wikipedia says, on one of the pages for a related language:

Furthermore, numerals can function as both nouns and verbs in all Formosan languages

How does a numeral function as a verb? (And is there the same sort of noun/verb overlap elsewhere, or is it just the numerals?)

Not fluently or anything, but I can carry on a very basic conversation with my Saisiyat Mama'. I'm not familiar with predicative uses of numerals, but it wouldn't surprise me: a lot of roots in Saisiyat can be either verbs or nouns, depending on the morphology, e.g., /tæwʔan/ 'house', can become [t-om-æwʔan] 'build a house' with the AF infix.

[Cedh]

Cool stuff, kodé!

---

Something I've been playing with. I'm mainly looking for suggestions regarding the syllable rimes (i.e. vowel + suprasegmental + coda [which may also be analysed as suprasegmental in this language]), but I'm also listing the onset consonants. Words are mostly monosyllabic.

Onset:

/p b t d k g/
/f v s z ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ h~x/
/m n ɳ ŋ/
/l ɻ ʁ/
/w j/

The onset can be zero, any single of the above consonants, or a cluster up to CCC(j,w). Permissible cluster types, exemplified with dental consonants plus /h j/, are the following: /ts(j) nts(j) tl ntl dz(j) ndz(j) dl ndl ht(j) hts(j) htl hl hn nt(j) nd(j) ns(j) nj st sj zj/. Non-homoorganic clusters of the type /kt(j) kts(j) ktl gd(j) gdz(j) gdl/ also occur.

Rime:

/i e a o u/
/ie ea ei ai au ou oa uo/

+ three tones: high/mid/low (only distinctive on word-final syllables)
+ nasality
+ coda /ʔ/

It's best to assume that all of the above suprasegmentals can occur with any vowel quality, and be combined with any of the other types of suprasegmental feature.

Random sample words:

nje˧ neʔ˥ hka˩ ksju˩ idʑe˩ ʁutoʔ˥ hei˧ ɻõʔ˧ maʔ˥ twĩ˥ mwĩ˧ watʁau˥ mblĩʔ˧ dvã˥ ɕeʔ˧ tau˥ tʂai˩ lãʔ˧ ʂuo˧ tsjũ˥ aʔ˩ hloa˥ htsi˥ sjei˧ ŋai˩ ʁweʔ˧ dindʑi˧ ndʐoʔ˩ tʂõu˥ fjẽi˩ wie˩ pwai˥ fwãuʔ˩ ẽ˩ ntluʔ˧ gbai˥ bjou˩ pteʔ˩

[Dewrad]

/p b t d k g/ p b t d k g
/f v s z ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ h~x/ f v s z ṡ ż ś ź h
/m n ɳ ŋ/ m n ń ŋ
/l ɻ ʁ/ l r ɣ
/w j/ w j

Alternatively, /ts tʂ tɕ dz dʐ dʑ/ could be transcribed c ċ ć x ẋ x́, because x-acute is awesome.

/i e a o u/ i e a o u
/ie ea ei ai au ou oa uo/ ie ea ei ai au ou oa uo

+ three tones: high/mid/low (only distinctive on word-final syllables) á ā à (or, maybe, fuck it and leave mid tone unmarked.)
+ nasality ą
+ coda /ʔ/ aʔ

nyē néʔ hkà ksyù idźè ɣutóʔ hēi rǭʔ máʔ twį́ mwį́ watɣáu mblį̄ʔ dvą́ śēʔ táu tśài lą̄ʔ śūo tsyų́ àʔ hlóa htsí syēi ŋài ɣwēʔ dindźī ndżòʔ tṡǫ́u fyę̀i wìe pwái fwą̀uʔ ę̀ ntlūʔ gbái byòu ptèʔ
/nje˧ neʔ˥ hka˩ ksju˩ idʑe˩ ʁutoʔ˥ hei˧ ɻõʔ˧ maʔ˥ twĩ˥ mwĩ˧ watʁau˥ mblĩʔ˧ dvã˥ ɕeʔ˧ tau˥ tʂai˩ lãʔ˧ ʂuo˧ tsjũ˥ aʔ˩ hloa˥ htsi˥ sjei˧ ŋai˩ ʁweʔ˧ dindʑi˧ ndʐoʔ˩ tʂõu˥ fjẽi˩ wie˩ pwai˥ fwãuʔ˩ ẽ˩ ntluʔ˧ gbai˥ bjou˩ pteʔ˩/

Actually, transcribing rimes is the most interesting challenge of this phonology (are those diphthongs rising or falling?): I might also mark high and low tones with acute and grave respectively, coda /ʔ/ with an underdot and nasality with a final n, so:

nye nẹ́ hkà ksyù idźè ɣutọ́ hei rọn mạ́ twín mwin watɣáu mblịn dván śẹ táu tśài lạn śuo tsyún ạ̀ hlóa htsí syei ŋài ɣwẹ dindźi ndżọ̀ tṡóun fyèin wìe pwái fwạ̀un èn ntlụ gbái byòu ptẹ̀, which is actually a bit more readable.

[Haplogy]

G'aaj:

/t̼ t̪ ʈ c k q ʡ ʔ/ <p t d c g k q '>
/t̪' ʈ' c' k' q'/ <t' d' c' g' k'>
/s̼ ɬ̼ s̪ ʂ ɭ̝̊ ç x X ʜ h/ <f l z s ll ç hh x xx h>
/s̪' ʂ' ɭ̝̊' ç' x' X'/ <z' s' ll' ç' hh' x'>
/j ɥ w ʕ/ <j u w v>
/ɨ ɨ̰/ <ı i>
/ə əː ə̰ ə̃ ə̃ː ə̰̃/ <y yy ẏ yn yyn ẏn>
/ɐ ɐː ɐ̰ ɐ̃ ɐ̃ː ɐ̰̃/ <a aa ȧ an aan ȧn>

Tyn gẏkyyhcfyxx-xxaan gẏjll'yyd' cıj z'ıfqyynd' ll'ȧ dẏn uyy dıhh'hhki vȧw xxdaz' tıq fyyng'ihll zyyn k'yll xlwaap xxitlpıuz'ixiu txı.
/t̪'ə̃ kə̰ qəːhcs̼əʜʜɐ̃ː kə̰jɭ̝̊'əːʈ' cɨj s̪'ɨs̼ʡə̃ːʈ' ɭ̝̊'ɐ̰ ʈə̰̃ ɥəː ʈɨx'xqɨ̰ ʕɐ̰w ʜʈɐs̪' t̪ɨʡ s̼ə̃ːk'ɨ̰hɭ̝̊ s̪ə̃ː q'əɭ̝̊ Xɬ̼wɐːt̼ ʜɨ̰t̪ ɬ̼t̼ɨɥs̪'ɨ̰Xɨ̰ɥ t̪Xɨ/



Taa:

/pʰ tʰ tsʰ kʰ qʰ/ <ph th tsh kh qh>
/p t ts k q ʔ/ <p t ts k q '>
/d dz g ɢ/ <d dz g gq>
/dtʰ dtsʰ ɡkʰ ɢqʰ/ <dth dtsh gkh gqh>
/tʼ tsʼ kʼ kxʼ qʼ/ <t' ts' k' kh' q'>
/dtsʼ gkxʼ/ <dts' gkh'>
/f s x h/ <f s hh h>
/m n ɲ/ <m n ny>
/ˀm ˀn/ <'m 'n>
/β l j/ <v ll y>
/pʼkxʼ tx dtx tsʰx dtsʰx tʼkxʼ dtʼkxʼ tsʼkxʼ dtsʼkxʼ/ <pkh' tk dtk tsk dtsk tkh' dtkh' tskh' dtskh'>
/kʘ kǀ kǁ kǃ kǂ/ <b c l x j>
/kʘʰ kǀʰ kǁʰ kǃʰ kǂʰ/ <bh ch lh xh jh>
/gʘ gǀ gǁ gǃ gǂ/ <gb dc dl dx dj>
/gʘʰ gǀʰ gǁʰ gǃʰ gǂʰ/ <gbh dch dlh dxh djh>
/ŋʘ ŋǀ ŋǁ ŋǃ ŋǂ/ <mb nc nl nx nj>
/ŋ̊ʘ ŋ̊ǀ ŋ̊ǁ ŋ̊ǃ ŋ̊ǂ/ <mbh nch nlh nxh njh>
/↓ŋ̊ʘʰ ↓ŋ̊ǀʰ ↓ŋ̊ǁʰ ↓ŋ̊ǃʰ ↓ŋ̊ǂʰ/ <bz cz lz xz jz>
/kʘˀ kǀˀ kǁˀ kǃˀ kǂˀ/ <b' c' l' x' j'>
/ˀŋʘ ˀŋǀ ˀŋǁ ˀŋǃ ˀŋǂ/ <'mb 'nc 'nl 'nx 'nj>
/qʘ qǀ qǁ qǃ qǂ/ <bq cq lq xq jq>
/qʘʰ qǀʰ qǁʰ qǃʰ qǂʰ/ <bqh cqh lqh xqh jqh>
/ɢʘ ɢǀ ɢǁ ɢǃ ɢǂ/ <gbq dcq dlq dxq djq>
/kʘx kǀx kǁx kǃx kǂx/ <bk ck lk xk jk>
/gʘx gǀx gǁx gǃx gǂx/ <gbk dck dlk dxk djk>
/qʘˀ qǀˀ qǁˀ qǃˀ qǂˀ/ <bq' cq' lq' xq' jq'>
/kʘʼqʼ kǀʼqʼ kǁʼqʼ kǃʼqʼ kǂʼqʼ/ <bq' cq' lq' cq' jq'>
/ɡʘqʼ gǀqʼ ɡǁqʼ ɡǃqʼ ɡǂqʼ/ <gbq' dcq' dlq' dxq' djq'>

/a e o i u/ <a e o i u>
/a aʰ ˀa ã ˀaʰ aˤ a̰ ˀaˤ/ <a ah 'a an 'ah ra af 'ra>
/á ā à â/ <á a à â>

Xqh'áaf ku njûm glqrûllitê lè dtkó'llu ncàe j'á sàraf. Nxùruf ì à l'àve xùm bàa sâa.
qǃʰáa̰ kū ŋǂûm ɢǁûˤlitê ǀè dtxóʔlu ŋǀàe ǂˀá sàˤa̰. ŋǃùˤṵ ì à ǁˀàβe ǃùm̩ ʘàa sâa.



X-post:

/p t c k k͡p/ <p t ty k kp>
/m n ɲ ŋ ŋ͡m/ <m n ny ņ ņm>
/β~v ð ɽ ɣ j w/ <b d r g j v>
/ʲ/ <y>

/i̤ e̤ a̤ o̤ ṳ ɨ̤ ɜ̤/ <ih eh ah oh uh ũh õh>
/i e a o u ɨ ɜ/ <i e a o u ũ õ>
/ḭ ḛ a̰ o̰ ṵ ɨ̰ ɜ̰/ <ii ee aa oo uu ũũ õõ>



Pembrish:

/p b t d tʃ dʒ k g/ <p/pp b/bb t/tt d/dd tj tj k/ck g/gg>
/f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x h/ <f/ff v ð ð s/ss z sj sj ch h>
/m n ŋ/ <m/mm n/nn ng>
/l ɬ r r̥/ <l hl r hr>
/j w/ <j w>
/a ɛ ɔ i ɨ u ə/ <a e/è o i õ u e>
/aː ɛː oː ɛi̯ ɔu̯ iː ɨː uː/ <a/â e/ê o/ô ej ou i/î ũ u/û>
/ai̯ au̯ ɔi̯ ɛu̯ iu̯/ <aj au oj eu iu>

Ûre vedder ðe ðû in sjovonne jasjt
Ihallod bjo ðî namme
Skõle ðî rîtje kumme
On ðî wille iddoun
Bjo oun jorðe zo oun sjovonne
Jiu ûs todei ûre deilitje hlaf
On vorjiu ûs ûre sõnes
Zo wei vorjiu hũ ðe egein ûs sõn
On ne led ðû ûs ountô no temptasjoun
Ack elũs ûs vroum iule
uːrə vɛːdər ðə ðuː in ʃɔˈvɔnə jaʃt
iˈhalɔd bjɔ ðiː namə
skɨlə ðiː riːtʃə kumə
ɔn ðiː wilə iˈdɔu̯n
bjɔ ɔu̯n jɔrðə zɔ ɔu̯n ʃɔˈvɔnə
jiu̯ uːs toːˈdɛi̯ uːrə dɛi̯litʃə ɬaf
ɔn vɔrˈjiu̯ uːs uːre sɨnəs
zɔ wɛi̯ vorˈjiu̯ hɨː ðə əˈgɛi̯n uːs sɨn
ɔn nɛ lɛd ðuː uːs ɔu̯ntoː nɔ tɛmpˈtaʃɔu̯n
ak əlɨːs uːs vrɔu̯m iu̯lə

ôn to ðriu vjour vîf ziks sjoun jacht njon tũn
o:n tɔ ðriu vjɔur vi:f ziks ʒɔun jaxt njɔn tɨːn



Thayen:

/p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ ʔ ʔʰ/ <b p d t g k c q>
/ɸ θ x h/ <f z x h>
/ɬ/ <ll>
/ʋ l j w ɦ/ <v l i u h>
/m n ŋ/ <m n ņ>

/i i: u u: a a:/ <e/i ē o/u ō a ā>

Bdādek dectad fue da zlōfam, fāfglot puāzi xlabhi āldgi. Entgeug cuēfņa tmātfā, lētli oudgād, tuēdga duezged. Avtzlē; fiā tag, negcaz llladāg dhafuād huahā. Fiz dgēfdi fadō gigzau dālad hnafōn.
/pta:.tik tiʔ.tʰat ɸwi ta θlu:.ɸam ɸa:ɸ.klut pʰwa:.θi xla.pɦi a:l.tki intʰ.kiwk ʔwi:ɸ.ŋa tʰma:tʰ.ɸa: li:t.li uwt.ka:t tʰwi:t.ka twiθ.kit aʋtʰ.θli: ɸja: tʰak nik.ʔaθ ɬla.ta:k tɦaɸ.wa:t hwa.ha: ɸiθ tki:ɸ.ti ɸa.tu: kik.θaw ta:.lat hna.ɸu:n/

[mountainman]

Hello! Need some help with this vowel inventory of mine.

Code: Select all

/i:/    /ɪ/ 		/u:/ 	/ʊ/ 
/e:/ 	/e/   /ə/	 	  /o/ 
	     /ɛ/   /ʌ/ /ɔ:/    /ɔ/ 
/æ:/ 	/æ/ 		/ɒ:/ 	/ɒ/ 

There will probably be a couple a centering diphthongs as well. Any ideas?

[Haplogy]

/i: ɪ u: ʊ/ <ii i uu u>
/e: e ə o/ <ee e ë ó>
/ɛ ʌ ɔ: ɔ/ <ê û oo o>
/æ: æ ɒ: ɒ/ <aa a åå å>

/i: ɪ u: ʊ/ <í ı ú u>
/e: e ə o/ <é e y ou>
/ɛ ʌ ɔ: ɔ/ <ea eo ó o>
/æ: æ ɒ: ɒ/ <ǽ æ á a>

Could try a few other things, though posting the whole phonology would be helpful, as it'd allow me to account for other things. Like, I could do something nice with double consonants if you don't have gemination, for example.

[mountainman]

Code: Select all

/m/	/n/		/ŋ/
/p/   /t/ 	  /k/ 
	   /s/ 	  /ɣ/ 
	/l/ 		
	/ɾ~r/ 				
	/ɹ/ 	/j/ 	/w/

This is kind of what I have in mind. It's by no means finalized though. I would like to play with prenasalization a bit.
Double consonants sounds awesome.

[احمکي ارش-ھجن]

Code: Select all

/m/	/n/		/ŋ/
/p/   /t/ 	  /k/ 
	   /s/ 	  /ɣ/ 
	/l/ 		
	/ɾ~r/ 				
	/ɹ/ 	/j/ 	/w/

This is kind of what I have in mind. It's by no means finalized though. I would like to play with prenasalization a bit.
Double consonants sounds awesome.

How's this?
/m n ŋ/ <m n ng>
/p t k/ <p t k>
/s ɣ/ <s g>
/l/ <l>
/ɾ~r/ <rr>
/ɹ j w/<r j w>

Who can romanize this vowel inventory?

short
/a ɒ e ɛ i ɨ o ɔ u ə/
long
/a: ɒ: e: ɛ: i: ɨ: o: ɔ: u: ə:/