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Transitive Word Order = VSO

VERB !ñkadawi

bite

SUBJECT q'alab

dog

OBJECT ndalu

man


The dog bit the man.

Intransitive Word Order = VS

VERB sacuhu

walk

SUBJECT sambi

boy


The boy is walking.

Agreement
The following 3 tables show the agreement system of Jinn.

C- = root ends in a Consonant
V- = root ends in a Vowel

Impersonal

Code:
Active     |  -mah
           |
Stative    |  C-ala
           |  V-la


Intransitive

Code:
           |  1S     1P      2S     2P      3S     3P
-----------+----------------------------------------------
Active     |  C-iq   C-qin   C-at   C-tun   C-hu   C-hum
           |  V-qi   V-qin   V-ta   V-tun   V-hu   V-hum
           |
Stative    |  C-aj   C-jan   C-uz   C-zun   C-ya   C-im
           |  V-ja   V-jan   V-zu   V-zun   V-ya   V-m



Transitive

Code:
    |  +2S      +2P         +3S       +3P
----+------------------------------------------
1S  |  C-iza    C-zina      C-ish     C-ishim
    |  V-za     V-zina      V-sha     V-shim
    |
1P  |  C-anza   C-inzan     C-insha   C-sham
    |  V-nza    V-nzan      V-nsha    V-sham
    |
2S  |                       C-abu     C-abim
    |                       V-bu      V-bim
    |
2P  |                       C-imbu    C-ib
    |                       V-mbu     V-ba
    |
3S  |                       C-wi      C-iwa
    |                       V-wi      V-wa
    |
3P  |                                 C-wam
    |                                 V-wam

Active-Stative Alignment and Intransitive Agreements
As can be inferred from the agreement charts, Jinn is an active-stative language. This is manifested in intransitive sentences and genitive relationships through the agreement suffixes used. Verbs are considered to be, by default, either active or stative. For intransitive sentences, verbs use the associated set of suffixes.

For glossing the agreement suffixes, I will use "A" for active and "S" for stative, along with the person & number. So -A2S would be "Active 2nd Person Singular" and -S3P would be "Stative 3rd Person Plural".

sacuhu sambi



sacu-hu

walk-A3S

sambi

boy


The boy is walking.

mbulahya sambi



mbulah-ya

happy-S3S

sambi

boy


The boy is happy.

Transitive Agreement
The transitive suffixes are completely different from the intransitives (an idea taken from Mohawk). The suffixes are polypersonal, but only to an extent. They do not indicate which participant is the agent or patient. That determination is made primarily via word order. This is why the columns of the transitive suffix chart are each labeled with a "+", which means "and a 2nd person or 3rd person participant".

Transitive glosses will use a T, plus person & number for both participants. -T1S3P would be the suffix -(i)shim, which is "Transitive 1st Person plus a 3rd Person".

!ñkadawi q'alab ndalu



!ñkada-wi

bite-T3S3S

q'alab

dog

ndalu

man


The dog bit the man.

Jinn sentences can consist of a single substantive (content word) inflected with an agreement suffix (so really, an incorporated pronoun).

q'alabya



q'alab-ya

is.a.dog-S3S


It/he/she is a dog.

When "is.a.dog" (or another substantive) is used as an argument for another verb, one could argue that the incorporated pronoun is best translated as "that which", so:

kandahu q'alab



kanda

is.going

-hu

that.which

q'alab

is.a.dog


That which is a dog is going.
The dog is going.

And here's the inverse example from the same page on Salishan language:

q'alabya kanda



q'alab

is.a.dog

-ya

that.which

kanda

is.going


That which is going is a dog.
The one going is a dog.

(Note the change of agreement from -hu to -ya since "be a dog" is stative.)

Here's another couple examples showing equational sentences. Generally, I won't bother with glossing everything as a verb and agreements as "that which", unless tense is included.

shuhabiya amaki



shuhabi-ya

is.a.warrior-S3S

amaki

woman


The woman is a warrior.

amakiya shuhabi



amaki-ya

is.a.woman-S3S

shuhabi

warrior


The warrior is a woman.

As shown above, the word order in Jinn is VS(O), with the verb being marked for agreement with the subject and object, and word order being the primary determinant of what argument is the subject and object. This constitutes head marking in the clause.

sacuhu sambi



sacu-hu

walk-A3S

sambi

boy


The boy is walking.

Head marking in Jinn is found in many places besides just the predicate. It is used in adjectival, participial, and genitive structures as well. Just as Persian and other Iranian & Turkic languages mark a noun with the ezafe to link it to a following adjective or noun, Jinn uses a similar structure. However, unlike the ezafe which has only a few forms that are similar to each other, Jinn uses the exact same set of agreement suffixes listed above for the predicate.


Adjectives
"Adjectives" in Jinn are simply stative verbs. As such, when they are used to modify a phrase denoting the agent, patient, or other event participant, the head word uses the stative agreement suffixes.

kandahu q'alabya !t'azud



kanda-hu

is.going-A3S

q'alab-ya

is.a.dog-S3S

!t'azud

is.black


The black dog is going.

Note that !t'azud has no agreement suffix since it isn't being modified. The agreement suffixes can be thought of as licensing a dependant word to modify the head, which is what the agent & patient are doing for the predicate. You can usually tell where the end of a phrase is by the lack of an agreement suffix.

"Nouns" can modify other nouns in the same way as other stative verbs.

sacuhu amakiya shuhabi



sacu-hu

is.walking-A3S

amaki-ya

is.a.woman-3S3

shuhabi

is.a.warrior


The woman that is a warrior is walking.
The warrior woman is walking.

Participles
Just as any stative verb can modify a head, so can an active verb. I put these under the heading of "participles" since active verbs are what most would think of as verbs describing voluntary actions that can have an adjectival form. Really, though, active verbs are the same as stative verbs when modifying a head word, except that they use the active agreement suffixes.

shuhabiya amakihu sacu



shuhabi-ya

is.a.warrior-S3S

amaki-hu

is.a.woman-A3S

sacu

is.walking


The woman that is walking is a warrior.
The walking woman is a warrior.

Genitives
Possession uses the same structure, with a slight twist. Since most "nouns" are stative, using an agentive agreement suffix signals that the link is possession/ownership by another entity, rather than being a descriptor.

kandahu q'alabhu ndalu



kanda-hu

is.going-A3S

q'alab-hu

is.a.dog-A3S

ndalu

man


The dog of the man is going.
The man's dog is going.

Agreements besides 3rd person can be used, of course. They aren't required to be followed by a pronoun (but can), and so the end of the phrase isn't always a word with no agreement suffix.

kandahu q'alabiq



kanda-hu

is.going-A3S

q'alab-iq

is.a.dog-A1S


My dog is going.

Heads that are modified by a stative verb (adjective) will add the agreement suffix for showing possession onto the final modifier, rather than the head word as shown above.

!ñkadawi q'alabya !t'azudhu ndalu sambi



!ñkada-wi

bite-T3S3S

q'alab-ya

is.a.dog-S3S

!t'azud-hu

is.black-A3S

ndalu

is.a.man

sambi

is.a.boy


The man's black dog bit the boy.