the Memeyk family

[Z500]

here's the most well developed of the langs from my new confamily, Puthe

Phonology

Puthe has 14 consonants phonemically:

labials /p m f w/
alveolars /t n s/
alveo-palatal /ʃ/
palatals /c ɲ j/
velars /k ŋ/
glottal /h/

appearing in the following series:

stops /p t c k/
nasals /m n ɲ ŋ/
fricatives /f s ʃ h/
approximants /w j/

three consonant clusters are allowed at the beginning of a word, <sp st sk>.
more complex clusters are produced with grammatical prefixes and suffixes, e.g. kspàɯnʼ "pretty (imperfect)"

Puthe has eight vowels

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	front	mid	back
close	i		u ɯ
mid.c	e
mid.o	ɛ œ
open	a		ɒ

[a i e ɛ œ~ɶ ɒ ɯ u]
<a i ee e œ o ɯ u>

/e/ is somewhat marginal, only appearing in 12 words. some speakers merge /e/ with /ɛ/, as well as moving the mid-open vowels higher (/ɛ œ/ -> /e̞ ø̞/)

and six tones:

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1 - low		/pɒ˨c/ pọc "somewhere"
2 - low rising	/nœ˩˧f/ nœ̣́f "familiar"
3 - mid		/sɒt/ sot "sober"
4 - high falling	/fʲɛ˥˧t/ fèɯt "winter"
5 - high rising	/ʃœ˧˥p/ śœ́p "mouth"

vowels can also be nasalized, indicated by an ogonek under the vowel, or a tilde above if a dot is already present below

mɯ̣̃t "dictionary"
ų "market"

and lengthened, indicated by an <h> following the vowel

skàht "sky"

GRAMMAR

Nouns

Nouns in Puthe do not show number, gender, or definiteness. They do show case with a range of prefixes, though the nominative is always unmarked.

kɯ̀k "cloud"
pkɯ̀k "cloud (accusative)"
tkɯ̀k "under a cloud"
xkɯ̀k "over a cloud"
mkɯ̣́k "in a cloud" inessive m- imparts low-rising tone to word
pkɯ̣̀k "to a cloud (dative)" dative p- imparts low-falling tone
òkɯ̀k "of a cloud (genitive)"

Verbs

Verbs have a number of prefixes, of which they can take one to show aspect or mood. Alternative phonemes are to be chosen euphonically.

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f	perfective, a completed action
x, k	imperfective, an ongoing action whether in the past or present
t	habitual
s, p	potential

Verbs can also take the suffix -ś for the immediate past, or -e/é (rising tone occurs after nasal) for distant past.

xspàm "see" imperfective
fspàms "just saw" perfective + immediate past
xspàmé "was seeing" imperfective + distant past
tśœ́pe "used to talk" habitual + distant past
pśœ́pś "could have just spoken" potential + immediate past
ssfake "could have caught, back then" potential + distant past

To negate a verb, use the adverb mɯ́t "not"

sspām mɯ́t "can't see"
pśœ́pe mɯ́t "could never talk"

Adjectives

adjectives behave like, and for all intents and purposes, are verbs. unlike verbs, however, they need not take aspect markers. an adjective by itself constitutes a verb phrase, so that

mɯn œ̣s
red flower

means "the flower that is red", or "the red flower."

sem mɯn œ̣s "redder flower" to make an adjective comparative, add the adverb sem "more"

xə̣m mɯn œ̣s "reddest flower" to make it superlative, add the adverb xə̣m "above all"

xɯ́t mɯn œ̣s "strangely red flower" other adverbs can be used, too

Phrases

Out of these three parts of speech, nouns, verbs, and adjectives/adverbs, we create phrases, the basis of the Puthe sentence. The phrase is centered around the verb, to which parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are added to refine its meaning.

œ̣s "a flower"

a flower sold by a little girl
girl small PERF-sell-DIST.PAST flower
háf mǫ̀t fɯ́hte œ̣s

śœ́p kan "five dogs"

five dogs that an old man owns
old man IMPERF-have five dog
pœ ɯ́ht kfɯ́t śœ́p kan

five dogs that own an old man
old ACC-man IMPERF-have five dog
pœ pɯ́ht kfɯ́t śœ́p kan

pronouns

I įf we (incl.) fì
we (excl.) ɯf
you um, wem you ej
he, she, ja they ihm
it

prepositions

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after,	̣sku
in front
before,	fu
behind
as	ụf
at	p
for, to	mɯ̣́
off, away	s, sa
on	k
only	hɯ̀
outside	ọ
over	um
in	mɯ
inside	mɯ̣́h
through	mɯ́f
under	t, to
up to	hɯ̣ŋ
with	f

evidentials

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firsthand		-spo
hearsay		-m, -em
conjecture	pɯs-

The lion ate the medicine man, I heard
PERF-eat-IMM medicine.man EVH lion
fhamś pkɯ́wɯ́t em jaŋkt

affixes with a consonant and a vowel constitute a word, and so must remain separate:

I ate...before I went to the market
PERF-eat-DIST.PAST ... to market before PERF-go
fhamé...mɯ̣́ ų fu fke

but single letter affixes attach to the word:

breakfast
(at first mealtime)
ɯt hà phɯ̀ŋ
ORD one at-mealtime

[Z500]

here's Rebe

short vowels
ĕ /ə/
e /ɛ/, /aː/*
i /i/, /eː/*
o /o/

long vowels
a /aː/
ē /ɛː/
y /yː/, /øː/*
ō /oː/

* pronunciation before <r>

diphthongs
aj /aːj/
ĕj /əj/
ej /ɛːj/
yj /øːj/
oj /ɔj/

consonants
bilabials
p /pʰ/, /p/
b /b̥/
m /m/
w /w/

dentals/coronals
t /tʰ/, /t/
d /d̥/
n /n/
s /s/
þ* /θ/, /h/

palatals
c, tj /cʰ/, /c/
d̦, dj /ɟ̊/
n̦ /ɲ/

palato-velars
k̦, kj /ʧʰ/, /ʧ/
g̒, gj /ʤ̥/

velars
k /kʰ/, /k/
g /g̊/
ŋ /ŋ/

trill
r /r/, ∅ before consonants

glottal
h /h/

clusters
sk /skʰ/, /sk/
st /stʰ/, /st/
sp /spʰ/, /sp/

θg* /θg̊/, /g̊/
θb* /θb̥/, /b̥/
θd* /θd̥/, /d̥/

* Western dialect only. Eastern pronunciation shown next to western

The "voiceless voiced" stops are actually lenis, pronounced with the tongue slightly retracted from the point of articulation (or in the case of <b>, the lips only loosely shut), and voicelessly, as in Memeyk.
The actual voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginning of a word, and unaspirated elsewhere.

Consonants can undergo palatalization, represented with a comma below or the letter <j>. For example, <p̒> [pʲ], <dj> [dʲ]. They can also, with the exception of <k>, <g>, and already palatalized consonants, undergo glottalization, represented with a dot or a following <gh>. For example, <ṇ> [nˠ], <rgh> [rˠ]

As most Rebe roots begin an end with a consonant, otherwise impossible to pronounce consonant clusters are assimilated and reduced

stop + nasal = mutated nasal (pn > m)
stop 1 + stop 2 = stop 2 + stop 2 (tp > pp)
fric 1 + fric 2 = fric 2 + fric 2 (sf > ff)
open cluster + stop = s + stop (ksp > sp)

=================

Rebe grammar

Nouns

Nouns are pluralized with the prefix mu-, replacing this usage of reduplication. Rebe has the nominative, accusative and dative cases, as well as four locative cases. But from region to region, not all locative cases are used, and some take on other meanings as well.

nominative Ø ĕsp I
accusative prem- premysk the tribe
prem-
dative mĕst- mĕspjıstem to a friend
genitive ō- ōkōn of a dog
inessive mĕs- mĕsjēm in the heart
adessive bĕ- bĕṭor on the road
locative ĕŋ- ĕŋwēn at the house
elative mē- mērē out of the river
partitive mĕ-

Nouns pluralize with the prefix mo-

pīn "stone", mopīn
owes "sheep", mōwes
ĕkōs "horse", mōkōs

Pronouns

Rebe has three pronouns. They do not show gender or number. They inflect like regular nouns.

I/we abem, ĕbrem, (ĕsp)
you jĕbem, (ja)
he/she/ ja
it/they

* pronouns given in parentheses are to be used in dependent clauses

Ostmjē abem mĕstja prempobĕ
finish-give I DAT-he/she ACC-shovel
[os.nʲɛː aː.bɛm məstʲ.aː pʰrɛm.po.bə]

I gave him/her a shovel

Generally, pronouns are only used where necessary so that the word order makes sense. Earlier, in Memeyk, this meant using pronouns as placeholders for things that could be omitted so that another word could take its place at the end of the sentence. Here the same principle applies, but case marking has almost eliminated the problem. Only the subject, which is unmarked, requires a pronoun once it has already been mentioned. If there are no further arguments to the verb, then the subject, too, can be dropped.

Verbs

All verbs take an aspect prefix, which themselves may be preceded with a verbal conjunction.

perfective ost-
imperfective esk-
potential sĕsp-
habitual het-

Verbs can also take a tense suffix showing action either in the immediate past (-ē) or immediately after a given event (-sī)

Ostspajmē abem
finish-see-IMM.PAST I
[os.spʰaːjm.ɛː aː.bɛm]

I just saw

Hetprĕt ja ĕŋrē
stay-walk he LOC-river
[hɛn.pʰrət jaː əŋ.rɛː]

He/she often walks along the river

Verbs can be modified by adverbs or adverbial phrases (such as ōsp mēspajm "with my eye"). They come immediately before the verb of an independent clause, or immediately before the verb of a dependent clause.

Clauses

Sentences in Rebe revolve around the clause. Each phrase is made of a main clause, which is modified by other words, including whole dependent clauses. The word order of a main clause is VOS:

Eskspajm premspōjŋ ıbem
IMPERF-see ACC-bird I
I see a bird

Dependent clauses follow the reverse order, SOV, so that the verb can stand adjacent to the head of the clause.

Eskċempajm ōsp montar mēspajm [premmon ostspjakmē | premspōjŋ] ıbem
IMPERF-spy my little ELA-eye [ACC-insect PERF-catch-IMM.PAST | ACC-bird] I
I spy with my little eye a bird that just caught a bug.

Additionally, dependent clauses use different pronouns than independent clauses. Independent clauses distinguish first, second, and third person, but dependent clauses only maintain a first vs. not-first person distinction. The word for I is ĕsp, and the word for you, he, she, and it is ja.

(maybe ĕsp -> ĕs (through sandhi) -> s- & ja -> e- prefix to object, or verb if no object given?)

Clipped phrases

Rebe retains a Memeyk construct known as clipped phrases, meaning a new word constructed from a handful of roots with no grammatical particles, only word order is considered. For example:

pṛosspemē

In this case, the final -t in pṛot "woman" has assimilated (t > s) into the sp- in spemē "just saw," which itself has forgone the "ost-" prefix. According to Rebe stress rules, since the first syllable is "heavy" (containing a geminated <s> due to euphonic processes), it takes the main stress, and the pronunciation is thus:

[ʻpʰrˠosː.pɛmˌɛː]

Phonetic rules

The vocabulary of Rebe is built primarily out of monosyllabic Memeyk roots, although there are many compound words derived from these roots. Many basic roots are built around this basic following structure:

{P C S A1} {r(ĕ)*} {A1} {V} {A2} {r*} {P C S A2}

V = vowel, P = plosive, C = cluster (ps, ts, ks), A = approximant (w, y).
<r> can only appear in one slot, not both.
Only one of each of A1 or A2 can exist, but an A1 and an A2 can both coexist.

* <ĕ> may appear after <r> in the second slot if an approximant appears in the next slot. This is a phonological development in Rebe. <r> will never occur in the sixth slot if there is a consonant in the next slot. It has been elided to <j>.

Vowels fall into three subdivisions. There are seven long vowels, three short vowels, and two allophonic reduced vowels.

Long (weight 1/2) <ā> [aˑ], <ē> [ɛˑ], <ı> [ɨˑ], <ī> [iˑ], <ō> [oˑ], <ø> [øˑ], <y> [yˑ]
Diphthongs (weight 1/2) <aj> [aj], <ej> [ɛj], <ēj> [ɛˑj], <oj> [oj]
Clusters (weight 1/2) <ps0 ts ks>
Consonants (weight 1/3) <k p t g b d s ch z gh r w j>
Short (weight 1/3) <a> [a], <e> [ɛ], <o> [o]
Reduced (weight 1/4) <ĕ> [ə~ɨ]

Furthermore, syllables carry weight. A "full" syllable has initial and final consonants and a short vowel and a weight of one. A "light" syllable has a weight of less than one, and a "heavy" syllable has a weight of more than one. When forming compound words, any components with long vowels and diphthongs often have them reduced: If a root being combined contains a short vowel, but has heavy consonantal component(s), then its vowel will be further reduced to <ĕ>.

ModR sĕspwen "neighbor" < MR sĕsp "near" + wēn "to live"
<ē> has been reduced to <e>.

ModR sjejstpĕn < MR sjējst "now" + pĕn "day"
same

ModR sanxĕjst "to shape metal" < MR sard "hot " + xarst "to bend"
<a> has been reduced to <ĕ>. <r> has also been dropped from "sard" because the other component also had <r>.

Vowel reduction guide
--------------------
a ĕ
e ĕ
o ĕ*
ā a
ē e
ı e
ī e
ō o
y e
āj ē
aj e
oj o

* pronunciation is actually [ɵ]. May be represented as <ŏ> for clarity.

The long vowel <y> will generally force the other component to reduce to retain clarity, though this is not always a hard and fast rule.

[Z500]

and finally, Griets:

Griets is an agglutinative language descended from Memeyk. Its word order is usually VSO.

Nouns

Nouns in Griets have no gender, though they can be given number, and, with the exception of the nominative, must take a prefix for case.

nom. - -
acc. freb- pafrũ-
dat. bãþ- babãþ-
iness. pas- paps-
adess. pa- papa-
loc. ag- agag-
ela. bja- babja-

plurality is shown by reduplication of the case prefix, or in the nominative by reduplication of the noun itself.

paspjan "in the house"
papaspjan "in the houses"

þwēr "field"
þaþwēr "fields"

Verbs

Verbs in a Griets sentence must always come first and is composed of two to four parts. First is the optional conjunction, followed by the main verb, aspect marker, and tense marker.

Conjunctions
------------
frīm then
þırp but
mjasag also

Aspects
------------
Progressive -xja
Habitual -ha
Potential -ud

Tenses
------------
Past -rþ
Non-past -ēx

mjasag hwērþ "burned, as well"
þwērcax "throws, is throwing, was throwing"
frīm þwērudēx "can throw then"

Adjectives

Adjectives are actually the same as verbs and are treated as such. Something that is red can said to bãcjax. Something that was once red but is no more is bãdurþ. These are actions carried out, namely the action of being red and of having once been red.

Adjectives can be made comparative by adding the adverb sjam "more", with the compared object taking the preposition ham- "over"

hamcē sjam bãcjax "redder than that"

Adjectives can be made superlative by adding the phrase hambũgh "above all"

hambũgh bãcjax "reddest of all"

Adverbs

Adverbs in Griets come directly after (in independent clauses) or before (in dependent clauses) the verb they modify. Adjectives and verbal phrases can also be used as adverbs.

þwērudēx trjuk cē
throw-can-pres far he
he can throw far

þwērbhaēx þub cē
run-hab-pres quick he
he runs quickly

Pronouns

Griets preserves Memeyk's simple two-way pronoun/deictic system, adding only a pronoun for "you"

I/we af
you cawım
he/she cē
it/they

Phrases

Word order is VSO within phrases. Dependent phrases can follow the noun they modify, taking VSO word order, or precede their noun, taking OSV word order.



questions? comments? fire away. help me flesh out my languages

[personak]

Thanks. Can we get vocab?

[Z500]

sure, i've got 500+ words for Rebe and Puthe and almost 400 for Griets, so i'll give you a sampling. here's one to ten in Puthe, Rebe, and Griets:

ha, pɯm, fjét, nàm, śœ́p, pet, jèt, mon, stok, pum
har, pəm, dēt, najm, ĝ̣œ̄sp, pret, mjējt, mōn, sṭēk, pym
hērğ, fam, zdjat, dǝ̨rm, kjēf, frǝt, mjērt, bų̄d, θwjak, fjub

in Rebe, an underdot is velarization
<ĝ> is /ʤ/
<rğ> is /ʁ/

a few kinship terms:

father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister
ɯ̨́n*, maf, mef, háf, koj, scej
grəjmad*, mādo, mēdo, hajdo, kṛœ̄do, stjēdo
pazdu, bązdu, pezdu, hjazdu, xṛēzu, θjēzu

* these words are a Rebe innovation, as the words for father and mother merged

and some two-syllable words:

friend, river spirit, offering, servant, Great River, shore
fɯ́m, ɯ̣́c, feɯm, pohŋ, fɯ̨k, jawé, sɯ̀k
pjɨ̄stem, rɨ̄jēt, hējbem, p̣œ̄seŋ, hĕmĕk, jabrē, cĕskar
fjēθĕb, rjazjēt, zjarbab, fwēsɨg, zavąk, cēbreç, θjaxar

[Alces]

What does the underdot in Puthe < ̣sku> 'after' represent?

[Z500]

low tone. it appears under the <s> in my browser, but it should be under the <u>

[Bedelato]

Any chance you could put those cognate sets in IPA? I'm also having trouble figuring out what those diacritics mean. I'm guessing the macrons are long vowels? What do the acute and grave accents mean?

I'd also like to see some more cognate sets.

[Z500]

you are correct about the macrons. the acute accent is rising tone (high to mid), grave is falling (mid to high). as for the additional cognate sets, i shall provide if i have time after work tomorrow

[Z500]

ok, here's some more cognates for yinz:

sleep, gather, wander, laugh, wash, freeze, grind
Griets: fɨrzd, xʀʲat, θotwarb, çɛːs, kʀɨθ, zuç, θud
Rebe: pajd, krɛːt, totˠajm, xʲɨːs, grɛst, hosk, ston
Puthe: paː˥˧t, kɛ˧˥t, tɒ˧˩p, xis, ɛ˧˥t, fɒ˧˥k, stɒn

man, woman, fabric, herd, tribe, leather, farmer
kʀʲɛːθ, frwɛːt, mʲɛːɣɛt, bʲũç, xʀʲatɛf, harstu, srugʀaθ
grəjɨːst, prˠøːt, mʲagɛt, myːsk, krɛːtɛsp, hajsto, srogrɨst
ɯː˧˥t, pɒt, mɛɯ̯c, mu˧˥k, kɛ˩˧p, ha˥˧t, sɒɯ̯˧˥t

[Bedelato]

Thanks.

One more thing: Can you put up something about Griets phonology? Preferably describing the orthography too?

[Z500]

yeah, i didn't realize the Griets notes had no phonlogy. here you go:

stops <k g p b t d c> /k g b p t d c/
fricatives <s z x ğ v þ h> /s z x ɣ β θ h/
nasals <m n> /m n/
trills <r rğ> /r ʀ/
approximant <j> /j/

vowels <a i e ē ə u> /a i e ɛː ɨ u/

* Vowels can be nasalized, taking a tilde.
* Consonants can be labialized and palatalized
* Nasal consonants never appear at the beginning of a word, unless labialized or palatalized

and some more cognates for you:

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                Griets  Rebe    Puthe
cloud           xaʀʷɛː  kəjkoː  kɯ˥˧k
to need         taʀ     nəjk    nɯ˥˧k
to show         cak     jək     ik
to make a sound dãd     nən     nɯn
fiber           mʲɛːɣɨ   mjagɛ   mɛɯ̯
(ordinal)       kat	ŋət      ɯt
against         sʷɛːd    sˠøːn  sɒn
bad             hʲag     hɛːŋ   hɯŋ
more            sʲam     sɛːm   sɛm
mold            fɨrt     spajt   spa˥˧t
north           cɛːr    jar     ja˥˧
cup             fuθpa    postpə  pɒ˩˧p
beside          θʲat     stɛːt   stɛt
to pull up      hakurt  xəkot    xɯ˧˩t
wing            bɨ̃rθ     majst   ma˥˧t
egg             hɛːrm   xajm    xa˥˧m
stubborn        θrapɣart strəpəjt tɯ˧˩t
bird            fuːʀ    spoːjŋ  spɒ˥˧k
to rise         carθ     jəjst   i˥˧t
group           bʲũstɨr   myːstar mu˥˧t

(sorry if it looks a little messy, but you'd think a monospace font would be more cooperative)

[Z500]

hey guys. been working on a new language. this one's called Resmus [rəʔs.mʉsː], descended from Memeyk. the phoneme inventory is as follows

/aː æː e i ə ʉ oː u/ <a æ e i ə y o u>

<e i ə y u> can be lengthened: <ē ī ə̄ ȳ ū>

/k p t c g b d ɟ/ <k p t c g b d j>
/s ʔs z ɕ ʑ h/ <s ss z ś ź h>
/m n/ <m n>
/r w/ <r w>

* /ʔs/ is realized as [sː] at the end of a sentence

and some cognates

Code: Select all

           Ressmus  Rebe      Griets
more       sem      sɛːm     sʲam
shadow     peʔset   pɨːstɛːt fʲaθʲat
smoke      ʑit      hɛt       zɨt
sky        kɕirzd   skajd     hɨrzd
people     mʉʔs     myːsk    bʲũç
flower     doːrs   nˠøːs     tʷɛːrs
high       wiːʔs   hyːspət   piːθ
still      sæːb    sɛːm      sɛːb
measure    heːrʔs  jɛːjst    çɛːrθ
north      æːr     jar       cɛːr
south      srət     srət      srat
left       mit      mɛt       bɨ̃t
right      kreːm   krəjɛːm  xʀʲɛːm
east       gaːn    ŋan       kɛːn
west       hʉr      hør       hʲur
horn       kreb     krɛːm    kʀʲab
grind      tsud     ston      θud
group      mʉɕ.cir  myːstar  bʲũstɨr
horse      koːs    əkoːs    akʷɛːs
now        ɕeːrʔs  sjɛːjst  sʲɛːrθ
field      bʉr      mør       pʲuʀ
below      dəs      nɨs       tas

Bi pyr rəsscētu məssneskem ybur rəssgosord kretess. Pəprət pśigud tsetneskema pśik gos har, pizbəm həmwen beneskem.
Ajt pœr ōč̣ēto mĕsneskem eskwēn ōŋos krētesp. Hetprĕt spegon ĕŋneskem har spek ŋōs, pēbĕm pĕs wēn mēneskem.
Fakax fjur raθ xjētu bąθ dęskem pjan raθ kwēs xrjatef. Frat fĕğud ag dęskem hērğ fək kwɛːs, fĕzbam pjan pja dęskem.

[Z500]

just for you, Janko. one through ten in Resmus, Rebe, and Griets:

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one        haːr    har       hɛːʀ
two        pəm      pəm      fam
three      zdet     dɛːt     zdʲat
four       nirm     najm     dɨ̃rm
five       ɟeːʔs    ʤˠøːsp   kʲɛːf
six        prit     prɛt     frɨt
seven      meːrt   mjɛːjt   mʲɛːrt
eight      muːd    moːn     bũːd
nine       tswek    stˠɛːk    θʷʲak
ten        pʉb      pyːm    fʲub

[Bedelato]

What happened to Puthe?

[Z500]

nothing, i just wanted to show only the branches than descended straight from Memeyk for comparison purposes.

[Cedh]

one through ten in Resmus, Rebe, and Griets:

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one        haːr    har       hɛːʀ
two        pəm      pəm      fam
three      zdet     dɛːt     zdʲat
four       nirm     najm     dɨ̃rm
five       ɟeːʔs    ʤˠøːsp   kʲɛːf
six        prit     prɛt     frɨt
seven      meːrt   mjɛːjt   mʲɛːrt
eight      muːd    moːn     bũːd
nine       tswek    stˠɛːk    θʷʲak
ten        pʉb      pyːm    fʲub

I haven't read through earlier reconstruction efforts closely, but judging just from these numbers I would guess something like this for Memeyk:
1 *haːr
2 *pam
3 *zdeːt
4 *nirm
5 *gewps
6 *prit
7 *meːrt
8 *muːnd
9 *tsweːk
10 *pjumb

[Z500]

that's pretty close. just a few vowels and consonants off. but i won't tell which ones

[Z500]

here's some grammar for Resmus

Word order

Though Resmus has a number of grammatical cases, there is a preferred word order of Verb-Object-Subject.

Bērurr jērps emrēbip Narssisus
Love-3-PAST REFL ACC-reflection Narcissus
Narcissus loved his own reflection

Dependent phrases follow the order Modifier-Modified, while adverbs always come after the verb.

Hərt məd wen
Is [red house]
There is [a red house]

Dependent phrases follow the word order Subject-Object-Verb.

Ksepry mess empēss æ myrtry emdym nym
Know-3 not [ACC-take 3POSS drink-3 ACC-make] moon
The moon does not know [how to drink her share]

Pronouns

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I/we	əss
you	guss
he/she/	æ
it/they

Pronouns behave like any other noun and can take both case and definiteness affixes. However, when they follow a noun with no other affixes, they function as possessive pronouns.
On the other hand, the deictics əss "here" and æ "there" precede their heads.

Nouns

Nouns have 10 cases:

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nominative   Ø-
accusative   em-
dative       məss-
elative      be-
perlative    gu(d)-
ablative     səm-
adessive     p(ə)-
subessive    tum-
superessive  həm-
comitative   źi(d)-

As the nominative is unmarked, it usually goes at the end of the phrase opposite the verb:

Dryks məsshērt əss
Travel-1 DAT-well I

Cēssurr hērt emmurd mess mē prot
TELL-3.PAST well ACC-water not give woman

Nouns also inflect for number and definniteness:

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plural       -zu
definite     -(h)a
definite.pl  -wa

The usage of the definite suffixes carries a similar connotation to topicality, as in the languages of the East Asian sprachbund.

Verbs

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suffix  meaning
----------------
-ur	past tense
-sər	passive
-mo	potential

person
------------
1st	-s, -əs
2nd	-æ, -a, -ē
3rd	-dy, -ry, -r

* -s is chosen for the first person when the verb stem ends in a vowel, otherwise -əs is chosen.

* Verbs that end in a consonant add -a or -ē. If the final consonant is <k g t d s z>, it palatalizes to <c j c j ś ź> and adds -a. Otherwise, it takes -ē.

keæ
you go

eca (from ek)
you find

srīmē
you follow

* in the third person, -dy is chosen if the verb stem ends in <n>, -ry if it ends in any other consonant, or -r if it ends in a vowel.

Verbs are negated with the adverb "mess," which follows the verb in an independent phrase, and precedes it in a dependent phrase.

Irregular verbs

to be

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is      hərt
was     bi
isn't   hərniss
isn't   mərd
(dep)
wasn't  brimiss
wasn't  mebrit
(dep)

dym - to make

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1st	dyps
2nd	dē
3rd	dyc

usage as noun:

in the dative, as məssdym, means "in order to"

Mektus məssnyma bemektu əss kratry məssdym
Sing-1 DAT-moon-DEF from-song 1POSS linger-3 DAT-make
I sing the moon to linger with my song

in the accusive, as emdym, it means "how"

Ksepry mess empēss æ myrtry emdym nym
Know-3 not ACC-take 3POSS drink-3 ACC-make moon
The moon does not know how to drink her share[/code]

[Z500]

somre more cognates:

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         Rs        Re        G
against  soːd     sˠøːn    sʷɛːd
alcohol  giːsː   ŋiːst    kiːθ
answer   zmək      həmək     zaβãk
clay     prʉː     pryː     fruç
draw     skurt     həkot    zakurt
field    bʉr       mør       pjuʀ
give     zmird     həmajn    zaβɨ̃rd
back
herb     krəm      krəm      xʀam
hot      ɕird      sajn      sɨrd
same     ʉrg       jojŋ      cuʀ
short    cet       ʧˠət      xʲat
spirit   ʑeːt     jɛːt     zʲɛːt
stream   psərg     spəjŋ     faʀ
thunder  breː     brɛː     preç
weep     ceːn     ʧˠɛːn     xʲɛːn